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ANFT JANUARY 2021

ABSTRACT

Vinutha, K.S., Khan, A.A., Ravi, D., Prasad, K.V.S.V., Ramana Reddy, Y., Jones, C.S. and Blümmel, M. 2021. Comparative evaluation of sorghum and pearl millet forage silages with maize. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 21: 1-14.

Seven sorghum (CSH 20 MF, CSH 24 MF, GK 909, GK 917, HC 308, SPSSV-30 and SSG Priya Hybrid 5000) and five pearl millet (ICMA 00444 × IP 6202, Milkon, PAC 931, Poshan, and AVKB 19) cultivars were compared with a forage maize (P 3546) reference using laboratory and in vivo analyses. The forages were harvested at 76 days from sowing, wilted, chopped, and ensiled in plastic drums, compacted without additives, and hermetically sealed for 94 days. When fed to growing Nellore ram lambs, cultivar-dependent variations for organic matter digestibility (OMD), organic matter intake (OMI), and nitrogen (N) balance were observed among the silages. The OMI of pearl millet silages was only about two thirds that of sorghum silages (311 vs. 464 g/d). However, the digestibility of pearl millet was higher than sorghum silages (62.2 vs. 60.8%) although not significant and the nitrogen balance of sorghum silage was 4.8 times that of pearl millet (3.0 vs. 0.6 g/d). Of the seven sorghum forages, GK 909, GK 917, and SPSSV 30 had similar fodder quality to the forage maize. None of the pearl millet forages had fodder quality traits comparable to that of the maize forage. Except for N, across the silages the laboratory fodder quality investigated, NDF and ADF, ADL, dhurrin, and in vitro OMD (IVOMD) and ME were all unsatisfactory. None of the pearl millet forages had fodder quality traits comparable to maize or sorghum yet had generally favorable laboratory fodder quality traits but showed poor in vivo performance. Fodder quality factors seem to be at work that is not captured by routine laboratory fodder traits analyzed such as N, NDF, AF, ADL, IVOMD, and ME. Dhurrin was only recovered in significant amounts in pre-ensiled sorghum, not maize and pearl millet, but post ensiling sorghum cultivars had no dhurrin.

Keywords: Digestibility, Forage, Pearl millet, Silage, Sorghum

*Corresponding author: k.vinutha@cgiar.org

ABSTRACT

Ma, S., Wang, Y., Liu, J., Xu, J.X. and Xu, W.N. 2021. Manufacture, detection and structural characterization of copper-chelated peptide nanoparticles, and their effect on intestinal porcine epithelial cell (IPEC-1). Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 21: 15-33.

To investigate the effect of copper-chelated peptide nanoparticles (P-Cu NPs) on intestinal porcine epithelial cell (IPEC-1), five common silica-based materials were used to analyze their immobilization kinetics with copper-chelated peptide (P-Cu), and the one with the highest immobilization was selected to manufacture P-Cu NPs, which were evaluated for structural characterization and stability. The cellular experiment included the control group, copper sulfate (CuSO4) group, P-Cu group, and P-Cu NPs group. The effects of each group on oxidative stress, cell viability and absorption efficiency of IPEC-1 were observed at 12, 24, and 36 h, and concentrations of 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 8 mg/L. The results indicated that montmorillonite could be selected to manufacture P-Cu NPs, which had a maximum immobilization of 1.81 mg/mg and increased with decreasing pH and increasing temperature and was characterized by slow release. Moreover, IPEC-1 cells treated by P-Cu NPs had lower oxidative stress, higher cell viability and absorption efficiency than CuSO4 and P-Cu. Therefore, P-Cu NPs as a new Cu source additive not only could improve the stability and bioavailability of P-Cu, but reduce oxidative stress, improve the cell viability and absorption efficiency of IPEC-1.

Keywords: Characterization, IPEC-1, Montmorillonite, P-Cu NPs

*Corresponding author: xuweina@sjtu.edu.cn

ABSTRACT

Bulmakova, D., Smolentsev, S., Suleimanova, A., Hadieva, G., Lutfullin, M., Mardanova, A. and Sharipova, M. 2021. Effect of AgpP-P phytase supplementation on productivity, nutrient availability, zoosanitary meat quality and serum biochemical parameters of broiler chickens. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 21: 35-47.

The objective of this study was to assess the effect of AgpP-P phytase supplementation on productivity, nutrient availability, zoo-sanitary assessment of meat and serum biochemical parameters of Hubbard broilers. A total of 180 one-day-old Hubbard broiler chickens were randomly divided into 2 groups (control and experimental) with 3 replicates and 30 broilers per replicate. In the experimental group, the diet was supplemented with phytase preparation at 1000 FTU/kg. Results showed that phytase supplementation increased body weight and absolute weight gain in Hubbard broilers, while reducing the total amount of feed consumed by birds (P<0.05). Phytase improved the availability and absorption of organic nutrients, calcium and phosphorus. However, no differences were observed for N absorption (P<0.05). Phytase supplementation increased Ca and P contents, total protein level and alanine aminotransferase activity, and reduced urea level, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase activities in serum (P<0.05). The meat of phytase-fed broilers meets Russian State Standards for fresh, good-quality meat based on organoleptic and physico-chemical characteristics. In conclusion, it was established that the addition of phytase at 1000 FTU/kg to the diet for broilers enhances the digestibility of the organic and mineral components of the feed ration, increases body weight in birds and reduces the amount of feed consumed.

Keywords: Feed additive, Nutrient availability, Phytase, Poultry, Production parameters

*Corresponding author: dashunka_@mail.ru

ABSTRACT

Pawar, M.M., Kamra, D.N., Agarwal, Neeta, Chaudhary, L.C. and Chaturvedi, V.B. 2021. Use of essential oils as feed additive for modulation of rumen fermentation and methanogenesis in buffalo. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 21: 49-60.

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of dietary supplementation of two essential oils (EOs), namely Trachyspermum copticum (ajwain) seed oil (AjO) and Cinnamomum zeylanicum (dalchini) leaf oil (CiLO) on rumen fermentation, bacterial diversity and methane production in buffaloes. Three rumen-cannulated male buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) were subjected to three treatments in a 3×3 Latin Square design. The treatments included the feeding of a control (CON) diet with no additive and the CON diet supplemented with AjO (2 g/d) and CiLO (2 g/d). The concentrations of ammonia and lactic acid in the rumen liquor were decreased (P<0.001), whereas TVFA remained unchanged by EOs supplementation. The activity of carboxymethyl cellulase increased (P<0.05), and that of protease decreased (P<0.01) but xylanase, avicelase and acetyl esterase activities were not affected by EOs supplementation. The population of holotrichs and spirotrichs in the rumen liquor decreased (P<0.001) by feeding either of EOs. As indicated by the expression of the 16S rRNA gene, the population density of methanogens and Fibrobacter succinogenes decreased in the EOs supplemented groups. Methane emission in terms of l/d, l/kg DMI and l/kg DDMI was reduced (P<0.01) by 10.99, 21.37 and 20.65%, respectively, by dietary supplementation of EOs. Results indicated that the EOs from ajwain seed and dalchini leaf at 2 g/d were equally effective in reducing enteric methane production and positively modulating rumen fermentation.

Keywords: Buffalo, Essential oils, Methane, Rumen fermentation, Rumen microbes

*Corresponding author: lcchaudhary1@rediffmail.com

ABSTRACT

Rama Rao, S.V., Kumar, K. Prashanth, Raju, M.V.L.N., Nagalakshmi, D. and Prakash, B. 2021. Effect of replacing soybean meal with hipro cottonseed meal at graded concentrations on performance and slaughter variables in broiler chicken. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 21: 61-72.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of including hipro cottonseed meal (hpCSM) in diets on growth performance and slaughter variables in broiler chicken. A total of 1050 one-day- old Cobb-400 male broiler chicks were randomly allocated to five treatments with ten replicates of 21 birds per replicate. The five experimental diets were formulated to contain no hpCSM (corn-soy based diet; SBM), or hpCSM included at 5 (hpCSM5), 10 (hpCSM10), 15 (hpCSM15), and 20 (hpCSM20) per cent levels in isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets. No differences in performance of broilers due to feeding hpCSM up to 20% were observed during 1-21 d of age. At 42 d, the performance (BW gain and feed efficiency) was not affected with hpCSM supplementation up to 15%, while a significant reduction was observed at 20% hpCSM. The inclusion of hpCSM at 5% significantly improved the BW gain (P<0.05) among the CSM fed groups and improved feed efficiency among all the groups. Inclusion of hpCSM up to 20% did not affect (P> 0.05) the ready to cook yield, relative weights of breast meat and liver; however, there was increased abdominal fat deposition (P<0.05) in hpCSM fed groups. The highest abdominal fat pad weight was observed in broilers fed the 20% hpCSM diet. Based on the results, it is concluded that hpCSM can be included up to 15% in the broiler diet without affecting the performance, while the hpCSM at 20% depressed the performance. Abdominal fat deposition increased significantly in broilers fed diets having hpCSM at all inclusion levels.

Keywords: Broiler chicken, Carcass yields, Cottonseed meal, Performance.

*Corresponding author: svramarao1@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Hong, H.T. and Wu, C.P. 2021. Effect of xylose hydrolysate as a feed supplement on growth performance, blood parameters, carcass characteristics and biological safety of goats. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 21: 73-83.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the use of xylose hydrolysate as a dietary supplement by assessing its effects on the growth performance, blood parameters, and carcass traits of goats. Fourteen three-month-old goat wethers were randomly assigned to two groups, namely the control (CON) and xylose (XYL) groups and fed in the growing period for 3 months and finishing period for 6 months. The diet contained 60% basal roughage diet and the remaining 40% contained 5% molasses or 5% xylose hydrolysate in CON and XYL groups, respectively. The initial average body weights of goats were 24.09±2.47 kg and 34.02±5.12 kg in the growing and finishing periods, respectively. Water and feed were provided ad libitum. The heavy metals and pesticide residues of xylose hydrolysate were fully in accordance with the Taiwan norms. There was no biological safety concern with the use of xylose hydrolysate. During the growing period, the average daily gain (ADG) of the goats was 110.59 g and 117.26 g in CON and XYL groups, respectively, and the feed conversation ratio (FCR) was 11.82 and 9.92 in CON and XYL groups, respectively. During the finishing period, the ADG of XYL group was 175.71 g, which was higher than that of CON (P=0.0988), and the FCR of XYL group was also better than that of CON (P=0.0719). The feed cost per kilogram of body weight gain for XYL and CON groups was US$ 3.44 and 4.08 in the growing period and US$ 4.36 and 5.44 in the finishing period, respectively. Blood parameters, carcass traits, and meat characteristics showed no significant difference between the two groups. In conclusion, using xylose hydrolysate as a feed supplement for goats can benefit the growth of goats and reduce the feed cost.

Keywords: Blood, Biological safety, Goat, Growth, Xylose hydrolysate

*Corresponding author: wcp@mail.ncyu.edu.tw

ABSTRACT

Badouei, F., Tahmasbi, R., Dayani, O., Khezri, A. and Hosseini, M.M.S. 2021. Feeding of lemon pulp silage with waste date to sheep: effects on nutrient digestibility, clinical chemistry and ruminal microbial protein synthesis. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 21: 85-94.

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the silage made of lemon pulp with four levels (0, 10, 20 and 30 per cent) of waste date (Phoenix dactylifera L.) on nutrient digestibility, microbial protein synthesis, and ruminal and blood parameters in Kermani sheep. Four rams (BW 54.2±2.87 kg) were used in a 4×4 change over design experiment with each period consisted of 21 d (16d for adaptation and 5 d for sampling). Fresh lemon pulp and different levels of waste dates (WD) were mixed together and ensiled in 100 L container for 45 d, and the silage was then fed at 20 per cent to rams. Dry matter intake, nutrients digestibility, N retention, urinary allantoin excretion, uric acid, and total purine derivatives were not affected (P>0.05) by experimental treatments. However, microbial nitrogen was significantly increased in lambs fed 30% WD. Total protozoa population (P<0.01) and Holotrich spp. (P<0.05) in rumen fluid were increased linearly by increasing the level of WD. The blood creatinine level was significantly higher than control in rams fed silage with the waste date (P<0.01). Hence, it is concluded that the ensiling of lemon pulp with 30% waste date can be used as a valuable feed resource for ruminant animals.

Keywords: Date waste, Digestibility, Lemon pulp, Microbial protein, Silage.

*Corresponding author: rtahmasb@uk.ac.ir

ABSTRACT

Joshi, P.C., Pawar, M.M., Gami, Y.M., Patil, S.S. and Parmar, R.S. 2021. Effects of castor oil supplementation on milk yield, composition, fatty acid profile and blood variables of lactating kankrej cows. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 21: 95-107.

Castor oil, with its property as a functional oil that provides health benetits besides its nutritional properties, can be used as phytogenic feed additives as an alternative to antibiotics. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of castor oil supplementation on milk yield, milk fatty acids composition and blood variables of lactating Kankrej cows. Twenty Kankrej cows (average 21 d in milk; 10.27 kg/d of milk yield, 3.5 parity and 421.8 kg BW) were used in a randomized complete block design experiment that lasted for 90 d. Cows were assigned to the following treatments: control (CON), a basal diet without feed additive; castor oil (CAS), basal diet added 15 mL castor oil per cow daily. The additive was provided mixed into the concentrate. Feed intake and feed efficiency did not differ (P>0.05) between the CON and CAS groups. The BW gain was significantly (P<0.05) higher in the CAS group than the CON group. Feeding of castor oil did not affect (P> 0.05) milk, FCM and ECM yield, and milk composition in dairy cows. Castor oil addition in cow diet resulted in significantly (P<0.05) decreased milk saturated fatty acids and mediumchain fatty acids, whereas increased (P<0.05) milk unsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids. No difference (P>0.05) in concentrations of red blood cell means (haemoglobin, haematocrit, erythrocytes, MCV, MCH, MCHC) and white blood cell means (leucocytes, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes). The higher (P<0.05) serum glucose and lower urea concentrations were observed in CAS than in the CON. It was concluded that there was no effect on feed intake, milk yield and milk composition due to supplementation of castor oil. However, the inclusion of castor oil at 15 mL/d in the diet of dairy cows increased body weight gain, blood glucose, milk fat concentrations of MUFA and PUFA, decreased milk SFA, serum urea concentration without any adverse effect on the health status of cows.

Keywords: Blood metabolites, Fatty acid profile, Functional oil, Kankrej cow, Milk yield

*Corresponding author: mahespawar@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Ates, E. 2021. Slope aspect influences α-tocopherol, β-carotene, ergocalciferol contents and nutritive values of six clover species (Trifolium sp.). Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 21: 109-119.

The aim of this study was to determine α-tocopherol, β-carotene, ergocalciferol contents and some nutritive values of six clover species, namely, hare’s-foot clover, field clover, suckling clover, narrowleaved clover, mountain clover and purple clover, collected from different slope aspects (north-facing and south-facing slopes) of natural flora. Slope aspects affected all the β-carotene, α-tocopherol and ergocalciferol, crude protein, some mineral contents and cell wall components of clover species, and their interactions. The β-carotene (282.97 mg/kg DM), α-tocopherol (117.04 mg/kg DM) and ergocalciferol (8.92 μg/kg FM) contents were found to decrease significantly on the north-facing slope. The CP contents ranged from 17.90-22.0% and were higher in purple clover (22.0% DM) and narrow-leaved clover (21.67% DM) on the mountain’s south-facing slope than other clover species. The south-facing slope aspect showed the highest ADF (25.14%) and ADL (4.45%) contents in hare’s-foot clover, whereas NDF content (35.93-36.72%) had its highest contents in the field and hare’s-foot clovers on this same site. For K content, mountain clover samples on the south-facing slope had the highest content (3.03%), while the other five clover samples had lower levels. Suckling and narrow-leaved clovers on the north-facing slope had significantly lower Ca contents (1.88-1.97%) than in the other four clovers. The P contents in mountain clover (0.23%) and hare’s-foot clover (0.25%) on the north-facing slope were lower than that in the field, suckling, narrow-leaved and purple clovers on the same site. The suckling clover had the lowest Mg content (0.20%) on this slope aspect. It was concluded that α-tocopherol, β-carotene, ergocalciferol contents and other nutritive values of hare’s-foot clover, field clover, suckling clover, narrow-leaved clover, mountain clover and purple clover were affected by slope aspect. Further, south-facing slope had positive effects on the mineral and vitamine contents of these clovers.

Keywords: Cell wall components, Mineral content, Pro-vitamin A, Vitamin D2, Vitamin E

*Corresponding author: ertan_ates@hotmail.com

ABSTRACT

Chethan, K.P., Gowda, N.K.S., Prabhu, T.M., Giridhar, K., Anandan, S., Dey, D.K., Soren, N.M. and Shivakumar, M.C. 2021. Biomass yield and nutritive value of maize grain sprouts produced with hydroponic technique compared with maize grain and conventional green fodder. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 21: 121-133.

The study was conducted to record the biomass yield and change in nutrient composition of maize grain after sprouting using hydroponic technique and compare its nutritional value with the conventionally grown maize green fodder. Maize grain sprouts (MGS) were harvested on 10, 11, 12 and 13 d, and the height of the shoot and biomass yield were recorded. Conventionally cultivated maize fodder (CMF) was harvested on 60th d after sowing. Analysis was performed to determine the chemical composition, ME content, IVDMD, IVOMD, mineral profile, amino acid composition and vitamin profile. It was recorded that on 10th d, the maximum yield of MGS (average 4.5 kg per kg of maize grain) with DM content 16.5% was obtained. Beyond 10 d, there was a reduction in the biomass yield. There was increase in nutrient content (CP 13.0%, EE 4.40%, NDF 32.9%, ADF15.5%, total ash 2.89%) and decreased ME (9.78 MJ/kg DM) in MGS as compared to maize grain. Whereas, CMF contained lesser CP (7.81%), EE (1.93%), ME (9.18 MJ/kg DM) and higher NDF (52.8%), ADF (25.7%), total ash (5.49%) compared to MGS. As per the results, desired harvesting time for maximum biomass yield is on the 10th day, and MGS had better nutritive value than maize grain in terms of protein. However, it did not provide adequate fibre as compared to CMF. In vitro studies showed that the digestibility of DM and OM of MGS (67.6 and 68.0%) was lower than maize grain (90.1 and 90.6%) and higher than CMF (60.9 and 61.2%). The data on mineral profile showed higher content of many minerals in MGS compared to maize grain. In contrast, the content of the amino acids did not show variation among the three feed resources. But vitamin E, K and ascorbic acid content were more in MGS as compared to both maize grain and CMF. It is concluded that MGS has a different nutritive value than maize grain and conventional maize fodder altogether and is not a good source of fibre.

Keywords: Amino acid profile, Biomass yield, Maize grain sprout, Mineral profile, Vitamin profile.

*Corresponding author: nksgowda@gamil.com

ABSTRACT

Saha, S. Jana, P., Ghosh, T.K., Mandal, R.N., Maiti, S., Karmakar, S., Dey, B. and Boda, S.N. 2020. Immunostimulatory potency developed in pangasianodon hypopthalmus against aeromonas hydrophila through ocimum sanctum supplemented diet. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 21: 135-150.

The culture of Pangasianodon hypopthalmus has gained considerable popularity. However, it suffers from haemorrhagic septicaemia and epizootic ulcerative syndrome due to Aeromonas hydrophila, a causative bacterial agent having antibiotic resistance. The effect of Ocimum sanctum leaf extract was evaluated against A. hydrophila infections in P. hypopthalmus in the present study. Four groups of fishes were fed on the formulated diets containing O. sanctum extract at 0 (T0), 1 (T1), 2 (T2) and 4 (T3) per cent levels for 60 d. Fishes were challenged with A. hydrophila at 45 d post-feeding and, the relative percentage survival (RPS) was recorded over the 15 d post-challenge period. The aqueous extract of O. sanctum contained 7.5 mg GAE/mL of total phenolic compounds and 6.42 mg QE/mL of total flavonoids. The highest RPS was found in T2 (36%), followed by T1 (27%) and T3 (9%). Blood samples were collected for analyses of haematological, immunological and biochemical parameters on 15, 30, 45 and 60 d and growth performance evaluated at the end of 45 d. Results revealed that O. sanctum supplemented diet significantly (P<0.05) enhanced respiratory burst activity, serum lysozyme activity in T2, total serum protein, globulin, total erythrocyte counts, total leucocyte counts and haemoglobin in T1. Growth performance in terms of weight gain, SGR and FCR were improved in T1 and T2, compared to T3 and control. In conclusion, dietary Ocimum sanctum extract in the range of 1-2% showed significantly (P<0.05) higher RPS against A. hydrophila infection compared to the control.

Keywords: Aeromonas hydrophila, Immunity, Ocimum sanctum, Pangasianodon hypopthalmus.

*Corresponding author: tkgffsc@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Gholve, A.U., Deshpande, K.Y., Munde, V.K., Amurtkar, S.A., Sonale, P.D. and Naitam, N.D. 2020. Effect of partial replacement of concentrate mixture by sesbania (Sesbania sesban) on nutrient utilization, growth performance, blood metabolites and economics of production in growing Osmanabadi goats. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 21: 151-165.

Sesbania (Sesbania sesban) tree fodder, including edible stems and leaves, was evaluated as a replacement to concentrate mixture in goat ration. Eighteen growing Osmanabadi goats (3-4 months; 11.91±0.35 kg) were divided into three equal groups; one control and two treatment groups. The concentrate mixture of the control group (S0) was replaced with sesbania fodder at 25 and 50 per cent levels, respectively, for the goats in the treatment groups S25 and S50. The intake of DM and OM did not differ (P>0.05) among the treatment groups. The DCP content of the composite diet was significantly (P<0.05) higher in the sesbania-supplemented groups S25 and S50 when compared with S0. The feed intake was significantly (P<0.05) higher in S50 and S25 over S0 in the said order. The apparent digestibility of CP was significantly higher (P<0.05) in S25 than in S50, whereas it remained comparable in S0. The total BW gain and ADG was significantly (P<0.05) higher in S25 and S0 when compared to S50 in the said order. The body condition score of experimental goats improved significantly (P<0.05) as the study progressed from 0 to 90 d. The blood urea nitrogen and faecal egg counts were found inversely correlated with the dietary inclusion of sesbania, showing a steady decline with the increase in the dietary inclusion of sesbania. The net profit per goat was significantly higher in sesbania-supplemented groups (S25 and S50) when compared with S0. The inclusion of sesbania up to 25 per cent in goat diets to replace concentrate mixture improved the growth performance and economics of goat production.

Keywords: Economics, Growth Performance, Nutrient digestibility, Osmanabadi goats, Sesbania

*Corresponding author: kuldeepydeshpande@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Makola, M.D., Motsei, L.E. and Yusuf, A.O. 2020. Effect of substitution levels of nano-dicalcium phosphate for conventional dicalcium phosphate on performance and carcass characteristics of broilers chicken. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 21: 167-176.

This study investigated the influence of different substitution levels of nano-dicalcium phosphate on growth performance and meat quality characteristics. A total of 240-day old Ross 308 chicks were assigned to five dietary treatments containing 0 (control), 40, 60, 80 and 100 per cent of nano-dicalcium phosphate from d 14 to 42 as a replacement for conventional dicalcium phosphate. Data were collected for average daily gain, average daily feed intake, feed conversion ratio, carcass traits and analysed using one-way analysis of variance. The highest (P<0.05) weight gain and best feed conversion ratio were showed in birds offered 40% substitution level of nano-dicalcium phosphate, especially when compared to the control. Birds fed 40% nano-dicalcium phosphate had the highest (P<0.05) slaughter weight, while the control group of birds had the least weight. Hot carcass weight was higher for birds fed 40% nanodicalcium phosphate, comparable to those consumed nano-dicalcium phosphate at 60, 80 and 100 per cent. Shear force and water holding capacity values were elevated when 60% nano-dicalcium phosphate was substituted in diets. The meat pH was reduced in all the supplemented groups. Based on the overall findings, it is concluded that the substitution level of conventional dicalcium phosphate with 40% nano-dicalcium phosphate in broilers diet increased the growth performance and improved meat carcass characteristics.

Keywords: Nanominerals, Growth performance, Carcass quality

*Corresponding author: zee_mine@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

Ullah, H., Islam, K.M.S., Shuvo, A.A.S., Rahman, M.M., Alam, M.S., Dickhöfer, U. and Grashorn, M.A. 2020. Effects of feeding rumen liquor-fermented rice bran on performance of broiler chicken. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 21: 177-186.

The study was conducted to evaluate the chemical composition of rice bran (RB) fermented by rumen liquor and its effect on the performance and blood metabolites of broiler chickens. Initially, rice bran was fermented by using rumen liquor and analyzed to ascertain the nutritional changes. Subsequently, the fermented rice bran (FRB) was dried and used in broiler diet to study their performance. A total of 150 day-old unsexed broiler chicks (BAU Bro) were divided into five groups having 30 birds in each. The control diet contained 10.0% unfermented rice bran, which was further replaced by 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0 per cent FRB in the feed. Live weight, feed offered, and feed leftover was recorded weekly. Blood samples were collected at the end of the trial (35 d). The crude protein contents increased from 12.2 to 14.3% in the FRB, phytate phosphorus decreased from 0.7 to 0.3%, but crude fibre decreased from 11.2 to 9.6% compared to control. Weight gain was significantly higher(P<0.05) (1385g) in the 10.0% FRB group. The higher feed intake (2377g) along with a lower feed conversion ratio (1.72) was observed in the 10.0% FRB group (P<0.05). Serum creatinine and phosphorus concentration were higher (P<0.05) in the 7.5% FRB group. Based on the study outcomes, it could be concluded that fermentation using rumen liquor improved the protein quality and nutritive value of RB, which was reflected in better performance and improved blood metabolites of broiler.

Keywords: Rice bran, Fermentation, Rumen liquor, Performance, Broiler chickens

*Corresponding author: kmsislam1@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

Kolte, A.P., Dhali, A., Trivedi, S., Malik, P.K. and Bhatta, R. 2020. Effect of DNA isolation method and host species on the metagenomic DNA recovery and microbial community coverage. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 21: 187-198.

The introduction of next generation sequencing to characterize rumen microbial diversity has expanded the scope of animal nutrition to understand ruminal fermentation in greater details. Although this technique is highly accurate, it suffers from biases introduced at different stages of sample processing, sequencing and bioinformatics analysis. It is well established that the outcome of metagenomics (using DNA) is affected by the source and method of DNA isolation. The present study aimed to evaluate two popular rumen metagenomic DNA isolation methods, Repeated Bead Beating plus Column (RBBC) and ZR Fecal DNA Microprep Kit, for their effect on the DNA quality and quantity, and microbial community assessment in four ruminant species, namely cattle, buffalo, goat and sheep. Metagenomic DNA was isolated from total rumen contents using these methods, and the quality and quantity of the purified DNA were determined. The coverage of microbial diversity was assessed by the Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (TRFLP) technique using two restriction enzymes (MspI and BsuRI). The number and peak area of terminal restriction fragments (TRFs) were used to compare the efficiency of the DNA isolation methods across the species. The study established that although the metagenomic DNA recovery was greater using the RBBC method, the quality of the purified DNA was superior with the ZR Fecal DNA kit. Significantly greater microbial diversity (P<0.05) was also noticed in cattle, goat and sheep rumen metagenomic DNA isolated using the ZR Fecal DNA kit. Further, the overall comparison between the methods, irrespective of the species, also revealed significantly (P<0.001) greater microbial diversity coverage in the ZR Fecal DNA isolation kit than the RBBC method. In conclusion, the current study revealed that the ZR Fecal DNA Kit was comparatively better than the RBBC method for assessing microbial diversity in the rumen metagenomic samples of cattle, buffalo, goat and sheep.

Keywords: DNA isolation, Metagenomic, Microbial diversity, 16S rRNA, Rumen, TRFLP

*Corresponding author: atulkolte@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

Naik, P.K., Swain, B.K., Sahoo, S.K., Kumar, D. and Mishra, S.K. 2021. Effect of feeding graded levels of broken rice on nutrients metabolisability in white pekin ducks during second year of laying. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 21: 199-203.

To study the effect of feeding of different levels of broken rice (BR) replacing wheat on various nutrient metabolisability, an experiment was conducted on White Pekin ducks during the second year of laying. Seventy-five white Pekin ducks in the second year of laying (82 wks) were divided into five groups with three replicates in each group, and each replicates having five ducks. Five experimental diets without (BR-0) and with BR, replacing 25 (BR-25), 50 (BR-50), 75 (BR-75) and 100 (BR-100) per cent wheat, were prepared. The diets were offered randomly to the above groups for 73 d. There was a significant (P<0.05) difference in DM and OM metabolisability among the groups, being highest in BR-75 (78.87 and 79.59%) and lowest in BR-25 (76.17 and 76.54%); however, the values of all the treatment groups were similar to the control. There was no difference (P> 0.05) in the metabolisability of CP (67.40-70.09 %) among the groups. The metabolisability of EE was higher (P<0.05) in BR-75 (79.41%) than in the other groups (75.22-79.41%). The CF metabolisability (59.57-62.05%) was similar among the groups. There was no difference (P> 0.05) in the nitrogen balance (g/d), i.e. nitrogen intake (5.56-6.25 g/d); nitrogen outgo (1.74-1.87, g/d); nitrogen balance (3.76-4.38 g/d); among the groups. The nitrogen balance as a percentage of nitrogen intake (67.40-70.09%) was also similar among the groups. It is concluded that wheat can be completely replaced by broken rice in the diets of white Pekin ducks during the second year of laying without affecting the metabolisability of various nutrients.

Keywords: Ducks, Metabolisability, Nutrient, Rice, Wheat, White Pekin

*Corresponding author: pknaikicar@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Zimborán, Á. Weber, M., Szabó, S., Szabó, R.T., Drobnyák, Á. and Erdélyi, M. 2021. Effect of different oil supplementation on broiler chicken performance. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 21: 205-211.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of the coconut-, sunflower- and palm-oil feeding on the performance of broiler chicken. Coconut oil, palm oil and sunflower oil were included in the diet of 14 d old Cobb 500 sexed cocks. Birds (n=245) were divided into five feeding groups: the first group was fed a standard broiler grower diet as a control (CON); the other four groups were fed the same CON diet but supplemented with different oil sources, i.e. 5% coconut oil (CO), 5% palm oil (PO), 2,5% each of both coconut and palm oil (COPO), and 5% sunflower oil (SO). Average weight was between 316 and 320 g (CON 316±46 g, CO 316±38 g, PO 318±37 g, COPO 320±37 g, SO 319±44 g). Live BW and feed consumption were measured weekly. The weight gain and feed conversion ratio were calculated. The results indicated no significant (P>0.05) difference in the treatment groups compared to the control. Altogether, no beneficial effect of oil supplementation was revealed in the experiment as the higher feed consumption could not enhance the weight gain of the chickens. In conclusion, as feed consumption was the highest when palm oil was added to the CON diet, it was thought to have a stimulating effect on the feed intake. However, the higher intake could not be converted to higher production performance, as the weight of the birds in the different groups were more or less the same.

Keywords: Broiler chicken, Cobb 500, Coconut oil, Foraging, Palm oil, Performance.

*Corresponding author: zimboranagnes@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Tripathi, Deepika, Mani, Veena, Pal, R.P. and Yadav, R.K. 2021. Vanadium content in common feedstuffs used in tropical livestock system. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 21: 213-219.

The role of minerals in normal metabolism and their deficiency and excess can result in disorders in the immune system, decrease in production performance and impairment of overall health. Most minerals have well defined biochemical and nutritional roles, while others occur in trace levels in feed, but their useful nutritional role is yet to be established. Vanadium is recently reported as a newer trace element having a potential role in the biological system where it might act as a probably-essential mineral. Information on the vanadium (V) content of animal feeds used in tropical feeding systems is inadequate. The present study was carried out to quantify the level of V in commonly available animal feeds. Samples of 386 feeds were procured from different areas and analysed using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The level of V in unconventional feeds (n=36) was higher than in fibrous feeds (n=128) and concentrate feeds (n=118). The V content among the feed samples analyzed showed a wide range from sorghum fodder to fish meal (0.99-36.88 mg/kg). The present study observed that an appreciable quantity of V is detected in all the major categories of feedstuffs. These findings would facilitate in assessing the supplementary value of tropical feeds for vanadium in livestock.

Keywords: Tropics, Feedstuffs, Livestock, Vanadium

*Corresponding author: deepika.trip03@gmail.com

ANFT MAY 2021

ABSTRACT

Drewery, M.L., Sawyer, J.E. and Wickersham, T.A. 2021. Effect of upstream processing on nutritional value of post-extraction algal residue for beef cattle. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 21: 221-231.

Post-extraction algal residue (PEAR), a co-product from extracting algal oil for conversion to biofuel, has the potential to be marketed as livestock feed. However, the algal biofuel industry has not yet adopted standardized processing practices, which potentially causes nutrient fluctuations in the coproduct, PEAR. Our objective was to determine the effect of various upstream processing methods on the nutritional value of PEAR for beef cattle production. To meet this objective, a batch of Nannochloris oculata was subjected to different methods of harvesting, drying, preparation for oil extraction, and oil extraction, yielding ten unique samples for nutritional analysis. Crude protein and lipid content of samples ranged 19-36 and 2-10 per cent, respectively, demonstrating wide macronutrient variation in accordance with different upstream processing methods. All PEAR contained S concentrations (>0.81%) which may limit the inclusion rate in beef cattle rations. For harvesting methods, flocculation increased Fe and Al >289% relative to centrifuged PEAR. Flocculated and centrifuged PEAR had Ca:P of 18:1 and 9:1, respectively, which would present additional formulation challenges. Flocculation decreased S and Na concentrations by 37 and 77%, respectively, relative to centrifuged PEAR; however, both minerals remained present in quantities, which would impact the their level of inclusion in rations. Reducing mineral and increasing protein concentrations in PEAR will increase its value and utilization in beef cattle production, ultimately enhancing the success and viability of algal biofuel production. Mineral imbalances in PEAR can be partially attributed to upstream processing methods that are avoidable or manageable, underlining the need for upstream algal biofuel processers to be aware of the downstream (co-product) impacts of their practices.

Keywords: Algae, Beef cattle, Biofuel, Post-extraction algal residue, Protein supplementation

*Corresponding author: tryon@tamu.edu

ABSTRACT

Acharjee, S., Mandal, G.P., Patra, A.K., Debnath, B.C. and Roy, B. 2021. Effects of feeding ricebased dried distillers grains with solubles and condensed distillers solubles on feed intake, milk production and fatty acid composition in lactating crossbred cows. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 21: 233- 247.

This study investigated the effects of feeding of rice-based dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) and condensed distillers solubles (CDS) to replace mustard oil cake on feed intake, milk production and fatty acid composition in lactating cows. Twenty crossbred lactating cows were randomly divided into five groups. The cows were fed a control diet without DDGS and CDS; the same control diet containing 7.5 and 15% DDGS, and 5 and 10% CDS in the concentrate mixture on a DM basis with similar crude protein and energy concentrations. Feed intake and feed efficiency were similar among the groups, except for a linear increase (P=0.06 to 0.02) of feed efficiency were observed in the DDGS groups after day 28. Milk yield (10.1, 10.0, 11.1 and 9.75 kg/d in control, 7.5% DDGS, 15% DDGS, 5% CDS and 10% CDS, respectively) was similar among the groups. Milk fat, lactose and solid-not-fat percentage did not differ among the groups; however, milk protein percentages in some periods of feeding were higher or tended to be higher (P=0.04 to 0.10) in the CDS group than in control, which resulted in higher milk protein yield in the CDS groups. The concentrations of different fatty acids, including total saturated fatty acids, mono-unsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids in milk, were not different. However, the composition of few fatty acids changed in DDGS and CDS added diets. In conclusion, rice DDGS at 15 and CDS at 10% containing similar crude protein and energy concentrations can be added to the concentrate feeds without affecting milk production performance in lactating cows.

Keywords: Intake, Milk fatty acids, Milk production, Rice CDS, Rice DDGS

*Corresponding author: gpmandal1@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Yang, L., Zang, S., Chen, X., Yao, X., Sun, H., Liu, Y. and Dun, W. 2021. Effects of feeding corn silage instead of peanut hay on the growth performance, meat quality, and expression of growth-related genes in fattening lambs. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 21: 249-262.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of feeding maize silage instead of subtotal peanut hay on the growth performance, meat quality, and expression of growth-related genes in fattening lambs. Forty hybrid male lambs (average 20.87±2.78 kg BW) were randomly divided into two equal groups (each group consisting of four replicates of five lambs) according to body weight. The lambs were fed either of the two iso-energetic and iso-nitrogenous diets, i.e., peanut hay control diet (CON) and an experimental diet with 72.67% of peanut hay replaced by corn silage (EXP). After the fattening experiment of 91 d, the growth performance, meat quality, and expression of growth-related genes including growth hormone (GH) receptor (GHR), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R), myostatin (MSTN), frizzled-related protein (FRZB), and mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM), were analyzed. The results showed that diet had no effect (P>0.05) on the GH concentration, total weight gain, average daily gain, hot dressing percentage, loin eye area, tissue depth, pH, cooking loss, shear force, water holding capacity and meat colour, but enhanced (P<0.05) the carcass weight and marbling score. Furthermore, dietary treatment inhibited (P<0.05) the expression of GHR mRNA in the heart and IGF-1R mRNA in the longissimus dorsi but increased (P<0.05) the expression of MSTN mRNA in the skin, IGF-1 mRNA in the biceps femoris, and IGF-1R mRNA in the biceps femoris. This data indicated that feeding maize silage replacing 72.67% peanut hay improved the carcass weight and marbling score, mediated, possibly through regulating the expression of IGF-1 in the biceps femoris and IGF-1R in the biceps femoris and longissimus dorsi muscles.

Keywords: Corn silage, Growth-related genes, Lamb, Meat quality, Peanut hay

*Corresponding author: 342317981@qq.com (X. Chen)

ABSTRACT

Nagalakshmi, D. and Dhanalakshmi, K. 2021. Replacement of groundnut cake with low-glucosinolate rapeseed meal on performance, nutrient utilization, immunocompetence and carcass characteristics in lambs. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 21: 263-274.

An experiment was conducted on 14 Nellore male lambs to study the feasibility of utilizing low glucosinolate rapeseed meal (RSM) (41.84% CP and 30 μmol total glucosinolates/g) replacing groundnut cake (GNC) in diets. Two isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets (10.5% CP) were formulated with GNC or RSM as sole protein supplements. The lambs were randomly allotted to these two diets (seven in each) and fed the respective diets for a period of 155 d. The lambs fed the RSM diet on average consumed 5.256 mmol of total glucosinolates/d. Lambs in both groups grew linearly with no significant difference in average daily gain and dry matter (DM) intake and utilized DM and nutrients with similar efficiency. The RSM fed lambs had higher DM, organic matter, ether extract and crude fibre digestibilities than GNC fed lambs. The antibody titres against heat-killed Brucella abortus (P<0.05) and chicken RBC (P<0.01) antigens was depressed, with no effect on cell-mediated immune response and carcass characteristics with RSM feeding compared to GNC. No appreciable lesions were observed in any vital organs except for very mild fatty changes in the liver, rupture of alveolar walls at few places in lungs, mild swollen and shrunken glomerular tuft in few nephrotic tubules of lambs on RSM diet. The study suggested no adverse effect on performance and carcass traits of lambs with the feeding of 12% RSM, as the sole protein source in complete diets, except for lower humoral immune response compared to those fed GNC diets.

Keywords Carcass traits, Growth, Immune response, Lambs, Low-glucosinolate rapeseed meal.

*Corresponding author: dnlakshmi@rediffmail.com

ABSTRACT

Yagoubi, Y., Srihi, H., Ben Saïd, S., Smeti, S., Mahouachi, M. and Atti, N. 2021. Diet digestibility, nitrogen balance, growth and carcass composition of Barbarine lambs as affected by nitrogen source and rosemary residues substitution in concentrate. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 21: 275-287.

The study aimed to determine the effect of the inclusion of rosemary residues (RR) associated with two nitrogen sources in the concentrate fed to Barbarine lambs on nutrient digestibility, nitrogen balance, growth and body composition. According to BW, 24 male Barbarine lambs (3 months old, 17.83±2.6 kg) were divided into three groups namely, CON, RRS and RRF. All lambs received 600g of oat hay as a basal feed in addition to 600g each of the standard concentrate for the control group (CON). The concentrate of the CON group was replaced with pellets containing ~30% RR along with either soybean meal or faba-bean as nitrogen supplement in the RRS and RRF groups, respectively. The feeding trial lasted 65 d. Dry matter and CP intakes were similar among groups; however, intake of phenolic compounds and tocopherols was significantly higher for RR groups. Neither the RR intake nor the nitrogen source did change (P>0.05) the digestibility of DM, CP and fibre. Animals were in positive nitrogen balance showing higher values for RRF and RRS than CON group. The final BW, BW gain and conversion rates were similar (P>0.05) for all lambs regardless of the dietary treatment. Consequently, the cost of gain was reduced by the use of RR with both protein sources. The dietary treatments affected neither the final muscle and fat weights nor their daily gains. It is concluded that rosemary residues may substitute the standard concentrate without affecting animal health, resulting in similar performances due to the similar utilization of nutrients and without altering the body composition while reducing the feeding cost.

Keywords: Body composition, Digestibility, Growth, Lamb, Rosemary residues

*Corresponding author: yagoubiyathreb@hotmail.fr

ABSTRACT

Aderao, G.N., Jadhav, S.E., Pattanaik, A.K., Lokesha, E., Chaudhary, P., Dutta, N. and Singh, G. 2021. Performance and nutrient utilization of rats fed various selenium levels under heat stress- and thermoneutral conditions. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 21: 289-302.

Seventy-two male Wistar rats of 4 weeks age and 67.6±1.53 g BW were randomly assigned to six groups of twelve rats in each to investigate the effect of three dietary selenium (Se) levels on the performance and nutrient utilization of rats fed on a purified diet under heat stress (HS) and thermoneutral (TN) condition. The groups under TN conditions were CON, Se300_C, and Se450_C and groups under HS conditions were CON_HS, Se300_HS, and Se450_HS. The total experimental duration was 42 d. The TN groups were reared at thermoneutral conditions throughout the experimental period. On the other hand, the HS groups were reared in the thermoneutral condition for an initial 28 d, but during the next 14 d, they were exposed to heat stress for 6 h/d in a psychrometric chamber. A metabolism trial was conducted during the last six days of the experiment. The temperature-humidity index was 57.3±0.22 and 77.0±0.11 in the TN and HS groups, respectively. The DMI was lower (P<0.05) in CON_HS compared to CON and was similar among the HS and TN groups at higher Se levels; however, it was lower in CON_HS compared to Se300_HS and Se450_HS. The ADG during the 3rd to 6th week were lower in Se300_C and Se450_C than in the CON group; however, BW gain and ADG were similar among CON_HS, Se300_HS, and Se450_HS. There was no difference (P> 0.05) in nutrient intake, digestibility and nitrogen balance of rats among the treatment groups, Se levels, and environmental conditions. It was deduced that dietary selenium at 291 to 460 ppb is beneficial for preventing the deleterious effect of heat stress on DMI and lowering the body, tail and eye temperatures.

Keywords: Abiotic stress, Feed intake, Digestibility, Purified diet, Thermographic indicators

*Corresponding author: sejadhav1@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

López-Aguirre, D., Hernαndez-Meléndez, J., Lucero-Magaña, F., López-Villalobos, N., Rojo, R. and Vαzquez-Armijo, J.F. 2021. Supplemental exogenous cellulases from Trichoderma longibrachiatum in growing lambs: In vitro rumen kinetics and productive parameters. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 21: 303-313.

Two experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of adding exogenous cellulase enzymes (CE) to a diet for growing lambs on in vitro gas production (GP) kinetics and animal performance. In the first experiment, exogenous CE were added to the diet with rumen fluid 24 h before incubation or at the start of incubation. Compared to the control, CE addition significantly (P<0.05) affected lag time, asymptotic gas production (P=0.05), but the rate of gas production was not affected. The application time of exogenous CE had no significant effect on all the variables studied. In the second experiment, the exogenous CE were sprinkled on the total mixed ration 24 h before morning feeding. Twenty-one Pelibuey lambs (mean BW 15.9±1.6 kg) assigned to two dietary treatments during a 45 d feeding trial in a completely randomized design namely, control or exogenous CE. Total BW and average daily gain were increased (P<0.01) by supplemental exogenous CE, but no effects were observed on lamb’s nutrient intake. Supplemental exogenous CE improved (P<0.05) the digestibility of DM, OM, NDF and ADF, but no differences were observed in CP digestibility. Under the conditions of this experiment, the supplementation of exogenous CE has the potential to alter the kinetics of gas production of diets for growing lambs regardless of application time. Further, the supplemental exogenous CE can improve BW gain, nutrient digestibility, and feed conversion efficiency without affecting nutrient intake in Pelibuey lambs.

Keywords: Cellulase enzymes, Digestibility, In vitro fermentation, Lambs, Performance.

*Corresponding author: jfvazqueza@uaemex.mx

ABSTRACT

Wadhwa, M., Saini, J.K. and Bakshi, M.P.S. 2021. Utilization of bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria) pomace in the ration of goats. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 21: 315-326.

This study was undertaken to assess the nutritional worth of bottle gourd pomace (BGP) as feed in the total mixed ration (TMR) of goats through both in vitro and in vivo evaluation. The in vitro gas production studies revealed that increasing levels of BGP (0, 25, 50, 75 or 100%) in the iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric concentrate mixtures improved (P<0.01) the digestibility of NDF but depressed that of true OM, besides reducing ME value and VFA production. A 90-d growth trial was conducted on 12 Beetal bucks (37.6±0.76 kg BW). Animals divided into three equal groups were offered either control TMR containing concentrate mixture and green oats in 50:50 ratio (DM basis) or TMR with concentrate mixture containing 25 or 50% BGP. The digestibility of ADF and cellulose was improved (P<0.01), but that of CP was depressed (P<0.01) in the 50% BGP-supplemented group. The rumen studies revealed that bacterial and total protozoal population decreased (P<0.01), while the fungal population in the rumen increased (P<0.01) with increasing levels of BGP in the diet. The total and individual VFAs concentration was reduced (P<0.01) in BGP incorporated groups compared to the control group. However, different branched-chain fatty acids in the 50% BGP-supplemented group were comparable or higher (P<0.01) than the control group. The relative proportion of acetate and BCFAs was improved (P<0.01) in the 50% BGP group compared to other groups. No adverse effect was observed on the purine derivatives excretion in the urine and blood profile of the goats. The average daily gain in BW was also comparable in all the groups. It is concluded that bottle gourd pomace could be safely incorporated up to 50% in the concentrate mixture of goats.

Keywords: Bottle gourd pomace, In vitro evaluation, Goats, Nutrient utilization, Rumen microbes

*Corresponding author: bakshimps2@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Daing, M.I., Pathak, A.K., Sharma, R.K. and Zargar, M.A. 2021. Growth performance, nutrient utilization, blood indices and immunity of broiler chicks fed diets with graded level of condensed tannins containing Psidium guajava leaf meal. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 21: 327-340.

One-hundred-twenty unsexed day-old broiler chicks were randomly distributed into four dietary treatments (T1, T2, T3 and T4) in a completely randomized block design of 30 birds per treatment, each having three replicates of 10 birds. The birds of T1, T2, T3 and T4 groups were supplemented with guava leaf meal (GLM) at 0, 1, 2 and 4 per cent of the basal diet, respectively. The overall BW gain was significantly (P<0.05) higher in T3 and T2 than T1, T4. However, an improved (P<0.05) feed conversion ratio (FCR) was observed in T3 than that of T1 and T2. Apparent digestibility (%) of DM, OM, EE and NFE were statistically similar (P>0.05); however, the CP digestibility differed significantly (P<0.05) among the groups. Nitrogen intake and retention did not differ significantly between groups. Serum levels of total protein did not differ among the groups; however, there was a reduction in albumin and an increase in globulin levels as the level of GLM increased in the diet. Serum total cholesterol and triglyceride levels were lower in GLM supplemented groups compared to the un-supplemented group. The GLM supplementation did not adversely affect alanine amino transferase, aspartate amino transferase, and lactate dehydrogenase activities in broiler chicks. However, incorporation of GLM significantly (P<0.001) improved catalase, reduced glutathione, glutathione-S-transferase and superoxide dismutase activities, and reduced lipid peroxidation. The cell-mediated and humoral immune response attributes were also significantly (P<0.001) with GLM supplementation. It is concluded that GLM supplementation (at 1-2% level) improved body weight gain, FCR, antioxidant indices, immune responses, reduced feed intake, and serum levels of cholesterol and triglycerides.

Keywords: Antioxidant status, Broiler, Growth performance, Immunity, Nutrient digestibility

*Corresponding author: dranand_pathak@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

Al-Sultan, S.I., Abdel-Raheem, S.M. and Sayed, A.N. 2021. Effect of feeding graded levels of palm kernel meal with exogenous enzymes on performance, nutrient digestibility and carcass traits of growing rabbits. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 21: 341-352.

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation of different levels of palm kernel meal (PKM) in combination with an exogenous multi-enzyme preparation on growth performance, digestibility, carcass traits of growing rabbits. The feeding trial was carried out for eight weeks. Eighty New Zealand White rabbits (average BW 750±2.38 g; 6 weeks of age) were divided into eight groups of ten each. The dietary treatments included the incorporation of palm kernel meal at 0 (PKM0; control), 10 (PKM10), 20 (PKM20) and 30 (PKM30) per cent levels, with or without enzyme (Natuzyme®, 0.35 g/kg) to the basal diet. Results showed significant impacts of PKM, enzyme and their interactions on all performance and carcass traits and relative organ weights. The growth performance and nutrients digestibility were significantly (P<0.001) affected with 20 and 30 per cent levels of PKM inclusion but with significantly (P<0.001) increased feed intake when compared to PKM0 (control) and PKM10 groups. The carcass characteristics and per cent organ weights were reduced in PKM30 compared to the other three groups. However, enzyme supplementation significantly (P<0.001) reduced feed intake, improved nutrients digestibility and carcass traits irrespective of the inclusion level of PKM. There was a significant interaction (P<0.05) between PKM level and enzyme supplementation for the growth performance, nutrient digestibility and carcass traits parameters. The inclusion of PKM at 10 and 20 per cent in the basal diet enhanced (P<0.05) crude fat digestibility. It is concluded that palm kernel meal can be included safely up to 20% level in combination with exogenous enzymes supplementation in rabbit diets as a source of fibre without any adverse effect on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, carcass traits.

Keywords: Carcass traits, Digestibility, Exogenous enzyme, Palm kernel meal, Rabbits.

*Corresponding author: sdiab@kfu.edu.sa

ABSTRACT

Untea, A.E., Lupu, A., Varzaru, I., Panaite, T.D. and Gavris, T. 2021. Effect of supplementation of a phytogenic feed additive in the diet of laying hens on nutritional quality of eggs. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 21: 353-361.

The present study aimed to determine the effects of supplementing a phytogenic feed additive (PFA) in the diet of laying hens on egg quality and shelf life. The experiment was conducted on sixty 32- weeks old TETRA SL laying hens assigned to two dietary treatments, 30 birds each. Each treatment was replicated ten times with three chicks per replicate pen. Dietary treatments included feeding a control corn-soybean diet (CON) alone and the same supplemented with a phytoadditive supplement (PFA) at 1% level. The PFA contained sea buckthorn meal (50%), walnut leaves (25%) and bilberry leaves (25%) as an important contributor to vitamin E, lutein and zeaxanthin concentrations in experimental compound feed. The inclusion of the PFA in laying hens diets led to the accumulation of nutrients with antioxidant potential in the egg yolk, namely, lutein and zeaxanthin (11.32 vs. 9.38 mg/kg in PFA and CON groups, respectively; P=0.007) and zinc (82.24 mg/kg for PFA vs. 78.98 mg/kg for CON; P=0.002) in egg yolk. The oxidative stability parameters of eggs, namely peroxide value (PV), conjugated dienes-(CD) and - trienes (CT), p-anisidine value and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), were decreased significantly for both primary (PV, CD, CT) and secondary oxidation products formed in eggs yolks of experimental groups, proving an efficient inhibition effect of lipid peroxidation process. The TBARS values were significantly (P=0.04) reduced in the PFA (0.123 mg/kg) than CON (0.148 mg/kg) group. It is concluded that the PFA inclusion in laying hens diets improved the antioxidant status of egg yolk, and the lipid peroxidation process during storage was delayed.

Keywords: Nutrients, Oxidative stability, Plant mixture, Yolk.

*Corresponding author: arabela.untea@ibna.ro

ABSTRACT

Rama, M. Shree, Sivakumar, K., Jacob, J.P. and Vijaykumar, S. 2021. Evaluation of dietary supplementation of probiotic on growth and survival of Cyprinus carpio fingerlings. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 21: 363-372.

The present study was carried out to examine the influence of dietary supplementation of probiotic Micrococcus endophyticus (ME) on growth, survival and biochemical profiles of freshwater Cyprinus carpio fingerlings. The formulated feed was prepared using basic ingredients with different concentrations of probiotic at 2 (ME-2), 4 (ME-4) and 6 (ME-6) per cent levels besides a control group with no probiotic. Four groups of C. carpio fingerlings were fed at the above feeding regimes for 40 d. Morphometric parameters, feed conversion ratio (FCR), specific growth rate (SGR) and percentage of weight gain (PWG) of fingerlings were recorded at the end of the experimental period. The final length (5.70±0.54 cm), weight (1.50±0.28 g), PWG (350.37±6.94%), SGR (4.99±0.34%) and survival rate (94.00±2.00%) of fingerlings fed on ME-6 feed were significantly (P<0.05) higher than the fingerlings fed the control feed. The FCR were significantly (P<0.05) lower (1.01±0.36) in fingerlings provided with ME-6 probiotic pelletized feed; however, no significant (P>0.05) variation between ME-2 and ME-4 feeding regimes were apparent. Body composition of fish such as protein (22.35±1.46%) and NFE (16.57±0.51%) was high in fishes fed with ME-6 feed compared to the control. It is concluded that pelleted feed supplemented with Micrococcus endophyticus as a probiotic at a six per cent level produced better growth performance and biochemical profile of C. carpio fingerlings.

Keywords: FCR, Growth parameters, M. endophyticus, Pelletized feed, Survival rate.

*Corresponding author: ksivakumar76@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Satankar, Varsha, Mageshwaran, V., Kathe, A.A. and Kambli, N.D. 2021. Potential of pressurized solvent extraction for reduction of gossypol from cottonseed meal. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 21: 373- 382.

An attempt was made to reduce the gossypol level in cottonseed meal (CSM) using the pressurized solvent extraction (PSE) process. The effect of solvents such as acetone and isopropanol alone and their combination and the PSE conditions viz., number of passes of solvent, temperature (°C) and pressure (bar) were optimized for gossypol reduction in CSM. The significant reduction of free gossypol (FG) from 1.7 (control) to 0.05 per cent and total gossypol (TG) from 4.0 (control) to 0.5 per cent was achieved under optimized PSE process conditions [acetone and isopropanol (50:50), seven/ ten passes, 120 / 110 °C and 100 / 90 bar] (P<0.05). The optimized process did not significantly affect the protein content in the sample. The maximum reduction of FG from 1.7 to 0.01 per cent which corresponds to 99.4% reduction, and TG from 4.0 to 0.05 per cent, which corresponds to 98.8% reduction, was recorded under the PSE conditions [acetone and isopropanol (50:50), seven passes, 120°C and 90 bar] and [acetone and isopropanol (50:50), ten passes, 110°C and 90 bar] respectively. The FG levels in the processed CSM meets the international standards (<0.05%) of the US Food and Drug Administration and UN Protein Advisory Group. Thus, the study revealed that the CSM obtained under this process has potential application in feeding ruminant and non-ruminant livestock.

Keywords: Cottonseed meal, Free gossypol, Pressurized solvent extraction, Protein, Total gossypol

*Corresponding author: mageshbioiari@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Hundal, J.S., Wadhwa, M. and Bakshi, M.P.S. 2021. Effects of three herbal feed additives on in vitro fermentation pattern and methane production. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 21: 383-395.

The present study was taken up to assess the impact of supplementing total mixed ration (TMR) with three herbal feed additives (HFA), namely, dry extracts of Camellia sinensis leaves, Myrica nagi fruit and Acacia arabica bark at 0, 1, 2 and 3% levels on fermentation pattern and methane production by in vitro gas production technique. The three extracts differed in their content of total phenols, non-tannin phenols, true tannins, condensed tannins and hydrolysable tannins, as well as the contents of saponins and antioxidant activity. When tested in vitro, the dose of HFAs supplementation did not affect (P>0.05) the net gas production (NGP), digestibility of true OM and NDF, partitioning factor and ME values of TMR. However, both the NGP and ME values were apparently higher when HFA were supplemented at 2% level. The concentration of total volatile fatty acids (VFA), acetate and propionate were reduced (P<0.01), while that of branched-chain fatty acids was improved (P<0.01) at all doses of HFA supplementation. The VFA production was highest (P<0.01) with the A. arabica bark supplementation. The highest (P<0.01) efficiency of conversion of fermented hexose to VFA energy and the lowest efficiency of conversion of hexose to methane energy was observed in the diet supplemented with HFA at 2% level. The in vitro methane production from TMR was reduced (P<0.05) when supplemented with C. sinensis or A. arabica at 2% level. It was concluded that Acacia arabica bark when supplemented to total mixed ration at 2% level, resulted in the highest in vitro concentration of VFAs, microbial biomass production and supressed the methane emission as compared to control and other supplemented groups.

Keywords: Bioactive compounds, Fermentation, Herbal feed additives, Methane, Tannins

*Corresponding author: bakshimps2@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Srinivasan, G., Nathan, N.A., Thanaseelaan, V. and Chauhan, S. 2021. Energy sparing effect of emulsifier in broiler chickens fed with low energy diet. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 21: 397-403.

This study was carried out to determine the energy sparing effect of emulsifier on the performance of broilers chickens fed with low energy diet. A total of 150 day-old broiler chicks were divided into three treatments with five replicates of ten chicks each. Three experimental diets including a basal control diet (C), the control diet supplemented with fat emulsifier at the rate of 250 g/ton of feed (T1), and the T1 diet with a reduced (by 80 kcal) energy (T2). There was a significant difference (P<0.05) in cumulative body weight noticed between control and treatment groups during different stages of growth. At the marketable age, the highest body weight was recorded in the T1 (2590g) group, followed by the T2 (2579g) and C (2412g) groups. Overall, there was no significant difference (P> 0.05) in feed intake among the dietary groups. However, there was a significant (P<0.05) improvement seen in the feed conversion ratio in the emulsifier supplemented groups T1 (1.74) and T2 (1.73) compared to the control (1.81) group. There were no significant differences apparent in carcass traits and serum biochemical parameters among the three groups. It is concluded that a low-energy diet with the inclusion of an emulsifier at the rate of 250g per metric tonne of feed can be formulated to improve the production performance of broilers.

Keywords: Broilers, Carcass parameter, Emulsifier, Feed conversion ratio, Production performance.

*Corresponding author: govisri4@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Wróblewska, P., Hikawczuk, T. and Wiliczkiewicz, A. 2021. Dried sugar beet pulp as a source of soluble dietary fibre in equine nutrition: a review. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology. 21: 405-420.

Dietary fibre is an important nutrient present both in roughage and concentrates for horses. On the one hand, it plays a key role in processes related to the motility of the gastrointestinal tract. On the other hand, its decomposition within the cecum and colon is a source of energy for a horse. This energy is more readily available as soluble fractions in such components increase, mainly pectin. Hence, components such as dried beet pulp, soy hull or dried citrus pulp are classified as sources of the so-called ‘super fibre’ because of the high soluble fraction. The fibre composition analysis in mixtures is carried out using three different methods. In Poland, sugar beet pulp is a common component with a high content of soluble structural carbohydrates. Due to the gastrointestinal tract structure in horses, it is appropriate to use dried sugar beet pulp due to the low risk of fungal and moulds contamination. Additionally, they are proper for animals with gastrointestinal problems because metabolites formed during fibre degradation affect the regeneration of intestinal epithelium. Their application as one of the components affects the effective use of excess protein present in the diet for animals, which is especially important in horses with kidney or liver diseases. This review describes the importance of the dietary fibre fraction and the benefits resulting from the use of feed components called super fibre, with particular emphasis on dried sugar beet pulp and their impact on the gastrointestinal health of horses.

Keywords: Dietary fibre, Horses, Pectin, Sugar beet pulp

*Corresponding author: patrycja.wroblewska@upwr.edu.pl

ANFT SEP 2021

ABSTRACT

Kamran, Z., Ruby, T., Hussain, M., Ali, S., Ahmad, S., Abdullah, M., Sohail, M.U., Koutoulis, K.C., Ahmad, H.I., Ahmed, I., Shahzad, M.I., Yousaf, M. and Afzal, G. 2021. Comparative efficacy of Citrullus colocynthis fruit powder and popular antibiotic growth promoters in broiler diet. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology,

The present study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of Citrullus colocynthis fruit powder (CCFP) as alternative to antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) in broiler diets. Four hundred d-old Ross- 308 broiler chicks were randomly placed in twenty floor pens of twenty chicks each. A corn-based basal diet during starter (1 to 7 d), grower (8 to 21 d) and finisher (22 to 35 d) periods was formulated (control group). The other dietary treatments consisted of same basal diet but supplemented with 0.335g zinc bacitracin (15%) (ZB group), 0.125g enramycin (4.4%) (ENR group), and 1.0g (CC-1 group) and 1.5g CCFP per kg of diet (CC-1.5 group). Each experimental diet was assigned randomly to four replicate pens. The CC groups showed improved (P<0.05) weight gain with similar feed conversion ratio as compared to control and ZB groups. However, there was no difference in performance among various CC and ENR groups. No difference was observed in carcass characteristics of broilers fed different dietary treatments. Similarly, cecal and ileal bacterial populations (total bacterial count, total coliform count, 1Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan 2Governement Poultry Farm, Livestock and Dairy Development Department Punjab, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan 3Department of Poultry Science, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan 4Cholistan Institute of Desert Studies, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan 5Proteomics Core, Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar 6Department of Avian Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Karditsa 43100, Greece 7Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan 8Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan Clostridium perfringens, Escherichia coli and Lactobacillus) and serum concentrations of glucose, uric acid, triglycerides, cholesterol, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, total proteins, albumins and globulins were comparable among CC and AGP groups. Immune response against ND and IBD virus was also not affected by the dietary treatments. In conclusion, 1.0g CCFP per kg of diet could be used in broiler diets as a replacement of commonly used AGP.

Keywords: Antibiotics, Broiler growth performance, Carcass characteristics, Citrullus colocynthis, Gut ecology

*Corresponding author: zkami79@yahoo.com; zahid.kamran@iub.edu.pk

ABSTRACT

Park Sang-O. 2021. Effects of stocking density on growth performance of ducks under climate changerelated heat. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology,

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of high stocking density on growth performance, villus and liver cell morphology, cecum bacteria and heat shock proteins (HSPs) gene expression in meat duck (Cherry valley, Anas platyrhynchos) reared under heat stress (HS). A total of 180 meat ducks were randomly assigned to control group (CON, 3 birds/m2, normal heat environmental condition) and HS groups: low stocking density (LSD, 3 birds/m2), or high stocking density (HSD, 6 birds/m2). The birds were divided into three groups with three replicated pens (20 ducks per pen) per group, and raised for 42 d. The HS was achieved by exposing the birds, during the finishing period (from d 22 to d 42), to an ambient temperature of 34±2°C and a relative humidity of 70% for 5 h (11:00 to 16:00) per day. Body weight and feed intake of HSD group were lower than those of CON and LSD groups. However, FCR was higher in the HSD group. Duodenal villus length, crypt depth, and morphology of liver tissues in the HSD group were decreased or collapsed compared to those of CON and LSD groups, although they were similar between CON and LSD groups. The number of Lactobacillus was higher in CON and LSD groups whereas numbers of E. coli, total aerobic bacteria, and coliform bacteria were higher in the HSD group than in CON and LSD groups. Hsp90-α was deceased in the HSD group than in CON and LSD groups. Hsp70, Hsp60, Hsp40, and Hsp10 were higher in the HSD group than in CON and LSD groups, although HSPs-mRNA expression levels were similar between CON and LSD groups. Results show that raising meat ducks by high stocking density (6 birds/m2) under heat stress resulted in decreased productivity due to damage to the duodenal villus and crypt depth, liver cell morphology, cecum bacteria imbalance, and up-regulated HSPs gene expression.

Keywords: Cecum bacteria, Duck, Growth performance, Heat shock proteins, Heat stress, Stocking density, Tissue morphology

*Corresponding author: bspark@kangwon.ac.kr

ABSTRACT

Kumar, Sikendra, Prakash, Chandra, Chadha, N.K., Jain, K.K. and Pandey, P.K. 2021. Effect of dietary Glycyrrhiza glabra on growth and haemato-immunological responses of Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton, 1822) fingerlings. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology

A 60-day feeding trial was conducted to study the effects of dietary glycyrrhizin (Glycyrrhiza glabra; GG) on growth, metabolic and haemato-immunological responses of Cirrhinus mrigala fingerlings. One hundred and eighty fingerlings were randomly distributed into five treatments with total fifteen replicates with stocking of twelve fish per replicate. Five diets were prepared with graded levels GG and were designated as C (Basal feed with no GG), T1 (Basal feed +0.02% GG), T2 (Basal feed+0.06% GG), T3 (Basal feed +0.12% GG), and T4 (Basal feed+0.24% GG). Significantly (P<0.05) higher weight gain, specific growth rate and improved feed conversion ratio were observed in the T3 group fed with 0.12% glycyrrhizin. Protein metabolic enzymes such as aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase as well as carbohydrate metabolic enzymes, lactate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase in both liver and muscle were significantly (P<0.05) lowered in the T3 followed by T4. Serum total protein, albumin and globulin did not vary (P>0.05) among the treatments. Total phagocyte, erythrocyte and haemoglobin counts were significantly (P<0.05) higher in the T3 group. Superoxide dismutase and catalase activities were significantly (P<0.05) higher in T3 in both liver and muscle. The respiratory burst activity was observed significantly (P<0.05) higher in T3, followed by T2. The overall findings suggested that glycyrrhizin at 0.12% dietary incorporation level augmented growth, metabolic and haemato-immunological responses in C. mrigala fingerlings.

Keywords: Cirrhinus mrigala, Fingerlings, Glycyrrhizin, Growth, Survival

*Corresponding author: sikendra@cife.edu.in

ABSTRACT

Siddaiah, G.M., Munilkumar, S., Aklakur, M., Kumari, Rakhi, Balakrishna, C.H. and Nadella, R.K. 2021. Evaluation of sugar industry by-products for growth performance, body composition and metabolism in labeo rohita (Ham) fingerlings. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology,

The development of a cost effective feed is a necessity for profitable operation of fish farms. One approach towards the reduction of feed cost is the utilization of locally available non-conventional agroindustrial byproducts. In order to assess the potential of sugar industry by-products (press mud and cane molasses) as ingredients in the feed for Labeo rohita (Rohu), a 60 day feeding trial was conducted with 180 fingerlings (2.26±0.05g) which were randomly distributed into six treatment groups with triplicates. Six iso-nitrogenous (30.18±0.24) diets incorporated with or without by-products, namely control (without pressmud and molasses), PM5 (5% press mud), PM10 (10% press mud), CM5 (5% cane molasses), CM10 (10% cane molasses), and PC (5% press mud and 5% cane molasses) were fed to the respective treatments at 5% body weight per day. The results revealed no significant difference (P>0.05) in weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR), and protein efficiency ratio (PER) between control, PM5 and CM5. There was no significant effect on whole body composition except ether extract and total carbohydrates. The specific activitiy of α-amylase displayed a significant affect (P<0.05) with elevated level in fish fed PM5. The fish fed CM5 and CM 10 exibited lower amylase activity and were non significant. Protease activity was unaffected by the dietary treatments (P> 0.05) with higher activity was recorded in control. The higher activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was observed in PC followed by PM10 and CM10. LDH activity in PM5 displayed non significant with control. The lower activity of glucose-6 phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) was observed in control which was non significant with PC. The higher activity was found to be in CM5 and showed significant with other groups (P<0.05). The result concluded that molasses and pressmud can be included at 5% level in the diet of Labeo rohita fingerlings.

Keywords: Feed, Growth performance, Labeo rohita, Molasses, Press mud

*Corresponding author: sddu@rediffmail.com

ABSTRACT

Vivekanand, Kumar, Muneendra, Kumar, Vinod, Kushwaha, Raju, Vaswani, Shalini, Kumar, Avinash, Shukla, P.K. and Singh, Yajuvendra. 2021. Organic acids as silage additive: effects on fermentation dynamics and aerobic stability of sorghum silage and performance of growing cattle. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 21: 471-484.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of organic acids on fermentation characteristics and aerobic stability of silage and performance of growing cattle. Sorghum fodder either ensiled without organic acid (Sc) or with 0.50% formic acid (S0.5%FA), 0.50% propionic acid (S0.5%PA) and 0.25% combination of formic and propionic acid (S0.25%FA+0.25%PA). Twenty-Four Sahiwal heifers were randomly allocated into four groups (n=6) on body weight (117±5.0 kg) and age basis (10±2.0 months). The heifers either received a basal diet having silage without additives (SC) or were fed on diet having three silages preserved with 0.5% formic acid (S0.5%FA), 0.5% propionic acid (S0.5%PA) or 0.25% formic acid and 0.25% propionic (S0.25%FA+0.25%PA). Silages in all the groups were well preserved, as indicated by high lactic acid content and low pH value, ammonia-nitrogen and butyric acid contents. S0.5%PA silage showed better (P<0.05) aerobic stability. Treatments had no adverse effect on dry matter intake and nutrients digestibility while average daily gain was greater (P<0.05) in S0.5%FA group. There was no difference in plasma total protein, albumin, nonesterified fatty acid and beta-hydroxybutyric acid levels. The plasma urea nitrogen, glucose and cholesterol were higher (P<0.05) in S0.5%PA group. Treatments had no effect on triiodothyronine (T3) but tetraiodothyronine (T4) and insulin like growth factor-1 were higher in S0.5%FA group. The findings of this study revealed that feeding silage preserved with formic and propionic acid alone or in combination had no adverse effect on feed intake and nutrient digestibility while growth performance was better in the cattle fed on 0.5% formic acid added silage.

Keywords: Heifer, Formic acid, Propionic acid, Performance, Silage

*Corresponding author: muneendra82@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Wadhwa, M., Hundal, J.S. and Bakshi, M.P.S. 2021. Ensiling and utilization of kinnow mandarin (Citrus reticulata) waste and empty pea (Pisum sativum) pods as feed for buffalo calves. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 21: 485-496.

The leftover material after extraction of juice from kinnow mandarin (Citrus reticulata) is called kinnow waste (KW) and constitutes 50% of the kinnows used for extraction. Likewise after shelling peas (Pisum sativum) the leftover material is called empty pea pods (EPP) constituting about 55% of intact pea pods. Fresh KW and EPPs were mixed with wheat straw (WS) in 75:25 and 80:20 ratios, respectively, and ensiled for 42 days in tube silo. The KW had higher concentration of saponins, total phenols and antioxidant activity than that of EPP. The in vitro gas production studies revealed that the true OM digestibility, ME availability, total and individual volatile fatty acid (VFAs) production and relative proportion of propionate were higher (P<0.01); and improved (P<0.01) acetate to propionate ratio was observed in KW-WS silage as compared to EPP-WS silage. The methane production was observed to be lower (P<0.01) in KW-WS silage, which resulted in higher fermentation efficiency in comparison to EPP-WS silage. The KW-WS and EPP-WS silages were also evaluated as part of total mixed ration (TMR) on 12 male Murrah buffalo calves. Animals divided into three equal groups were fed either conventional TMR or TMR containing KW-WS silage or EPP-WS silage. The digestibility of nutrients was similar in all groups, except that of ADF which was improved (P<0.05) in animals fed TMRs containing ensiled KW-WS or EPP-WS as compared to control TMR. The feeding of KW-WS or EPP-WS silage based TMR did not show any adverse effect on blood profile, purine derivatives excreted in urine and N-retention in buffalo calves. It was concluded that these wastes are good source of bio-active compounds and can be incorporated safely in the ration of buffalo calves.

Keywords: Buffalo calves, Empty pea pods, Kinnow waste, Methane, Nutrient utilization

*Corresponding author: bakshimps2@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Nor-Nadiha, M.Z., Idris, M.H.H., Hashim, A.M., Manaf, Y.N., Desa, M.N.M., Yuswan, M.H., Sani, M.S.A., Kamaruddin, M.S., Hassan, M.S. and Yusof, Y.A. 2021. Influence of processing parameters on physical properties of fish feed pellet prepared using steaming method. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 21: 497-508.

Uncertainty in the origin of raw materials used in the fish pellet prompts homemade preparation by certain farmers. We hypothesized that a combination of optimum processing conditions will produce pellets with desirable physical properties. In this study, a cost-saving protocol for manual preparation of Clarias gariepinus feed pellet was developed. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of different processing conditions on the physical properties of the fish pellets produced by steaming method. Proximate analysis of each ingredient was measured, and feed formulation was calculated using WinFeed 2.0 software. Twenty-seven processing conditions with different processing temperatures (50°C, 70°C and 100°C), mixing speeds (75 rpm, 150 rpm, and 225 rpm), and mixing times (5 min, 10 min, and 15 min) were tested. Floatability, bulk density, water solubility index (WSI), and water absorption index (WAI) were then determined. There were also significant interactions between physical properties and all processing conditions, except time/speed. Processing conditions at 70°C, mixing speed at 75 rpm and 5 min-of mixing time showed the highest pellet floatability (15 min) followed by 50°C and 100°C. Bulk density, WAI, and WSI were also improved, suggesting that at 70°C, proper gelatinization may have occurred. This study presented the optimum parameters for manual fish pellet preparation using the steaming method and is expected to economically benefit small-scale farmers to produce fish pellets in situ.

Keywords: Fish pellet, Processing conditions, Physical characteristics, Small-scale farmers.

*Corresponding author: amalia@upm.edu.my

ABSTRACT

Janampet, R.S., Amaravadhi, S.C., Ramana, D.B.V., Thirunahari, R., Manthani, G.P. and Malisetty, V. 2021. Effect of supplemental chromium, vitamin E and selenium on feed intake, production performance and cost economics of holstein friesian cows under heat stress. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 21:509-521.

To investigate the effect of supplementation of chromium (chromium propionate), vitamin E (σ- tocopherol) and selenium (sodium selenate) supplementation on DMI, production performance and cost economics a study was carried out for a period of 90d using 24 uniparous lactating Holstein Friesian cows in early stage of lactation under heat stress (75.83±0.22 at 10.00 AM and 80.44±0.85 at 3.30PM). Cows in 1st parity were randomly allocated to a control group (no supplement; Control), supplemented with vitamin E + selenium (500 IU Vitamin E + 0.3mg selenium per kg DM; VES), chromium propionate (0.5mg chromium per kg DM; CRP), and chromium propionate + vitamin E + selenium (0.5mg chromium per kg DM+ 500 IU Vitamin E+0.3 mg selenium per kg DM; CES) and fed with a total mixed ration (TMR) as basal diet. The supplemented diet improved the DMI. Average daily milk yield (L/d) was 15.73±0.12, 16.04±0.07, 16.14±0.06 and 16.28±0.06 in Control, VES, CRP and CES groups, respectively showing a significant (P<0.05) difference between control and supplemented groups. Milk fat, and energy corrected milk (ECM) were significantly (P<0.05) higher in CES group. Chromium supplemented groups had significantly (P<0.05) greater 4% fat corrected milk (FCM). Profit per day per animal (Rs.) was approximately was 7.08, 10.29, and 14.02 more in CRP, VES and CES groups when compared to the control. The results indicated that though supplementation of vitamin E and selenium alleviated the heat stress in dairy cows but improvement in DMI and milk yield was comparatively greater with chromium supplementation.

Keywords: Cost economics, Chromium propionate, Dry matter intake, Heat stress, Milk yield

*Corresponding author: mnkjrs@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Kamran, Z., Ali, S., Ahmad, S., Sohail, M.U., Koutoulis, K.C., Lashari, M.H., Shahzad, M.I. and Chaudhry, H.R. 2021. Efficacy of mannan-oligosaccharides as alternatives to commonly used antibiotic growth promoters in broilers. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 21: 523-532.

The present study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of mannan oligosaccharides (MOS) as alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) in broiler diets. Two hundred day-old Hubbard broiler chicks were randomly placed in twenty floor pens of ten chicks each. Dietary treatments consisted of a corn-based basal diet having 21% CP with 2750 kcal/kg ME in starter (1 to 7 d), 20% CP with 2775 kcal/ kg ME in grower (8 to 21 d), and 19% CP with 2800 kcal/kg ME in finisher (22 to 35 d) period (Control group); and the same diet supplemented with 0.1% MOS (MOS), 0.05% zinc bacitracin (ZB), 0.001% furazolidone (FUR) and 0.001% enramycin (ENR). Each experimental diet was assigned randomly to four replicate-pens. The growth performance was not different among treatments during any growth period except in grower period where weight gain and feed conversion ratio were improved (P<0.05) with AGP as compared to control. No difference was observed in carcass characteristics including carcass yield, breast meat yield, abdominal fat, liver and heart weight of broilers fed different diets. Similarly, cecal and ileal bacterial populations (total bacterial count, total coliform count, Clostridium perfringens, Lactobacillus, E.coli, Salmonella) and serum concentrations of triglycerides, cholesterol, Alanine aminotransferase and Aspartate aminotransferase were not affected due to MOS or AGP supplementation. Economic evaluation showed that use of MOS in feed was not cost effective as compared to other groups. In conclusion, although, there was no difference among groups fed MOS and various AGP; their supplementation did not improve the performance, lipid profile or intestinal bacterial ecology of broilers.

Keywords: Antibiotics, Broilers, Growth performance, Lipid profile, Mannan oligosaccharides, Gut bacterial ecology

*Corresponding author: zkami79@yahoo.com; zahid.kamran@iub.edu.pk

ABSTRACT

Giridhar, K.S., Prabhu, T.M., Singh, K.C., Nagabhushana, V. and Thirumalesh, T. 2021. Nutritive evaluation of Sesbania grandiflora, Melia dubia and Dillenia pentagyna tree leaves by in vitro, in situ and in vivo methods in growing lambs. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 21: 533-550.

The objectives of the study were to assess the nutritive value of three selected tree leaves viz. Sesbania grandiflora, Melia dubia and Dillenia pentagyna for growing lambs. The evaluation was on the basis of in vitro, in situ and in vivo methods and their comparison. ME (MJ/kg) and CP (%) content of Sesbania grandiflora, Melia dubia and Dillenia pentagyna were 8.48, 17.90; 9.60, 15.67 and 4.90, 7.89 respectively. Correspondingly, the in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) (%) was highest in Melia dubia (60.17), followed by 55.32 in Sesbania grandiflora and 41.0 in Dillenia pentagyna. The Calcium content was more than 1.73% in these tree leaves. The Potential cumulative gas production (D) and in situ degradation were lower in Dillenia pentagyna than Sesbania grandiflora and Melia dubia. In an in vivo feeding trial of 5 months duration in growing lambs, control group (T1) fed diet comprising maize hay as basal roughage was compared with experimental groups replacing 25 per cent of maize hay with Sesbania grandiflora (T2) or Melia dubia (T3) or Dillenia pentagyna (T4). The digestibility of DM and ADG (g) in T4 group was significantly lower (P<0.5) compared to T2 or T3, but non significant with T1. The lowered body weight gain associated with lowered digestibilities and lowered nitrogen retention in T4 group of lambs fed diet containing Dillenia pentagyna was attributed to the higher tannin (total, hydrolysable and condensed) content. A positive correlation existed between nutritive evaluation under in vitro, in situ and in vivo methods. Based on in vitro, in situ and in vivo methods of feed evaluation, it was concluded that Sesbania grandiflora and Melia dubia could form a potential source of roughage to replace 25 per cent of maize hay in the diet of growing lambs.

Keywords: In situ, In vitro, In vivo evaluation, Lambs, Tree leaves

*Corresponding author: prabhutmamm@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Madesh, M., Kishore, K. Raja, Kumar, D. Srinivas and Rao, E. Raghava. 2021. Carbohydrate and protein fractions and oxalate content of cumbu napier (COBN-5) at different stages of harvest. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 21: 551-558.

Cumbu Napier (COBN-5) fodder was evaluated for oxalate content, carbohydrate and protein fractions at different stages (30, 35, 40, 45 and 50 days) of harvest in its second cut. The per cent oxalate content was highest (3.32) in the COBN-5 fodder harvested at 30th day as compared to the mature fodder (1.64) at 50th day with the moderate content (2.31) at 40 days of harvest. High lignin (% NDF), while low NSC (% DM) and starch (% NSC) were observed in COBN-5 fodder harvested at 50 days as compared to other stages. The mean NDICP and ADICP content (% CP) were 59.82 and 16.0, respectively. The carbohydrate fractions (% CHO) revealed that carbohydrate fraction A (CA) was highest at 45 days of harvest, while fraction C (CC) was lowest at 30 days of harvest in COBN-5 fodder. Data on protein fractions (% CP) showed that protein fraction (PB2) was highest (8.34) at 50 days, while PB3 was highest at 30 days of harvest in COBN-5 fodder. It was concluded that COBN-5 fodder harvested at 40 days contains moderate oxalate content and better carbohydrate and protein fractions which reflects high nutrient intake and digestibility.

Keywords: Carbohydrate fractions, COBN-5 fodder, Oxalate content, Protein fractions, Stage of harvest

*Corresponding author: dr_rajakishore@yahoo.co.in

ABSTRACT

Panda, S.K., Kumar, D., Jena, G.R., Sethy, K., Mishra, S.K., Swain, B.K., Naik, P.K., Beura, C.K. and Elmorsy, M.A.M. 2021. Efficacy of ginger on male reproductive traits and oxidative stress indices in White Pekin ducks intoxicated with arsenic. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 21: 559-569.

Arsenic (As) exerts adverse effects on reproduction and oxidative stress in monogastric animals. But in poultry birds this fact is not yet verified. Ginger has both androgenic and antioxidant property. Thus, in this experiment, the protective effect of ginger against As toxicity induced by sodium arsenite was investigated in White Pekin ducks. For this, 300 number of ducks were randomly allocated into 5 groups with 6 replicates (10 ducklings in each replicate). The control group (CON) was fed only basal diet along with normal water. The toxicity group (TOX) was fed sodium meta-arsenite @ 28 ppm in drinking water along with basal feed. Along with sodium meta-arsenite @ 28 ppm in drinking water, the dried ginger powder was fed in increasing doses @ 100, 300 and 1000 mg per kg basal feed in ameliorative groups LDG, MDG and HDG respectively. Duration of experiment was 6 months. The oxidative damage caused by As was restored by supplementation of ginger. Ginger also enhanced the antioxidant activities of testis tissue of birds by suppressing reactive oxygen species (ROSs). Suppressed reproductive performance of male duck due to inorganic As toxicity were impaired by ginger through enhanced testicular size, semen volume, spermatozoa concentrations, live spermatozoa percentage and testosterone level. Histopathological examination of testis of As intoxicated birds showed significant changes which were restored by supplementation of ginger. In conclusion, adverse effects of As on reproductive performance of male duck was corrected by dried ginger supplementation.

Keywords: Arsenic, Duck, Ginger, Semen, Testis

*Corresponding author: santoshpanda107@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Suresh, R., Verma, A.K., Manobhavan, M., Agarwal, Neeta, Das, Asit and Singh, Putan. 2021. Effect of folic acid supplementation on haematology, serum enzymes and hormone profile in gestating and lactating sows. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 21: 571-577.

The effect of dietary folic acid supplementation on haematology, serum enzymes and hormone profile in gestating and lactating sows was studied. Eighteen crossbred (Landrace X Desi) sows were randomly distributed into three groups of six sows each in a completely randomized design (CRD). Sows in the control (T0) group was fed with basal diet (folic acid at 1.3 mg/kg), whereas, T1 and T2 groups were fed the basal diet supplemented with folic acid at 15 mg/kg during gestation and lactation. The concentration of Hb and RBC count were higher (P<0.01) at the end of gestation (114 d) and lactating (21 d) period than in the same sows at the beginning of study (0 d). The PCV (%) of folic acid supplemented (T1 and T2) groups as compared to control (T0) group was higher (P<0.01). Platelet and WBC counts were comparable among the groups. Serum concentration of ALT, AST, ALP, LDH and CK revealed no significant (P>0.05) effect of folic acid supplementation. The serum T3 and T4 concentration was higher (P<0.01) on 0 d (at the time of artificial insemination), farrowing (114 d) than at end of lactation period (21st d) in the same sows. The serum T3 and T4 hormone was comparable whereas cortisol (ng/ ml) level of sows was significantly reduced (P<0.05) in folic acid supplemented groups compared to control. It was concluded that folic acid supplementation during gestation and lactation at 15 mg/kg diet is beneficial in terms of reducing stress associated with gestation and early lactation.

Keywords: Folic acid, Haematology, Serum enzymes, Serum hormones, Sows

*Corresponding author: vermaak62@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Singh, Lakhvir, Singh, Udeybir, Sethi, A.P.S. and Hundal, J.S. 2021. Evaluation of protein quality of rice gluten meal and rice distillers dried grains with solubles in terms of net protein utilization and gross protein value for broilers (IBL-80). Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 21: 579-584.

Two experiments were conducted to determine the net protein utilization (NPU) and gross protein value (GPV) of rice gluten meal (RGM) and rice distillers dried grains with solubles (RDDGS). For NPU, a feeding trial of 21 days having 90 birds and 3 treatments (non-protein diet, test diet RGM and test diet RDDGS) and each treatment had 3 replicates having 10 birds in each replicate was conducted. For GPV, a feeding trial of 28 days having 120 birds and 4 treatments (depletion diet, reference diet, test diet RGM and test diet RDDGS) and each treatment had 3 replicates having 10 birds in each replicate was conducted. Results revealed that the body weight gain was higher in RGM treatment as compared to RDDGS treatment. Carcass nitrogen was also higher in RGM fed treatment as compared to RDDGS fed treatment. The NPU value of RGM (67.20) was higher than RDDGS (60.36). The weight gain in GPV experiment in RGM fed group was almost similar to RDDGS fed group but lower than reference group. Protein intake was higher in RGM fed group as compared to RDDGS fed group but almost similar in RGM fed and reference group. The GPV value of RGM (74.82) was higher than RDDGS (69.15). It was concluded that NPU and GPV value of RGM and or better than many protein sources used in broiler diets.

Keywords: Broilers, Gross protein value, Net protein utilization, Protein quality, Rice distillers dried grains with soluble, Rice gluten meal.

*Corresponding author: udeybirchahal@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Dim, C.E., Iwuchukwu, J.C. and Udoye, C.E. 2021. Improving litter quality of broiler chickens using dietary bentonite technology. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 21: 585-594.

Growth and litter characteristics of broiler chickens fed dietary bentonite (BT) were determined in an eight week study using d old chicks of Cobb strain (n=120). Chicks were assigned to four groups with three replications of ten chicks per replicate adopting a completely randomized design. Groups were labeled according to BT inclusions thus: T1, 0g; T2, 10g; T3, 20g; T4, 30g BT kg–1 diet. Feed and water were ad libitum. Vaccinations and prophylaxis were routinely administered. Data accrued from growth and litter assessment were analyzed. Results indicated non-significant differences (P>0.05) in the birds’ growth indices. However, considerable differences (P<0.05) among treatments were observed in litter pH during initial and terminal litter sampling. T2 and T4 had less pH values (5.11 and 5.44) that differed (P<0.05) from the top values of T1 (6.02). Nevertheless, pH of T1 (7.24) differed (P<0.05) among treatments, with the most acidic litter (P<0.05) recorded for T3 (6.11). T1 had higher (P<0.05) litter moisture (26.50%) than T2 (24.03%), T3 (21.82%) and T4 (21.91%). Litter nitrogen was high (P<0.05) in T1 (3.63%) and low (P<0.05) in T3 (3.00%). Terminal sampling documented T1 with high nitrogen (4.04%) and significantly different (P<0.05) from T2 (3.48%), T3 (3.50%) and T4 (3.65%). Conclusively, dietary bentonite up to 30g BT kg–1 feed promoted litter quality features of broilers without affecting their growth. Therefore, this dietary technology should be advocated and disseminated among poultry producers especially in urban areas who have been yawning for such technology to abate odour implications in their broiler houses.

Keywords: Bentonite, Cobb broiler, Litter quality, Odour Implication, Urbanization, Extension.

*Corresponding author: charles.udoye@unn.edu.ng

ABSTRACT

Bakshi, M.P.S. and Wadhwa, M. 2021. Paddy straw pelletization with other feedstuffs and its in vitro evaluation as livestock feed. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 21: 595-604.

This study was taken up to pelletize paddy straw with other feedstuffs and to assess up to what extent paddy straw can be incorporated in such pellets and their nutritional evaluation by in vitro gas production technique. The sundried paddy straw and alfalfa hay were ground in a hammer mill and lifted in a bucket elevator to the mixer where these feedstuffs were mixed with rice bran and molasses and pellets were prepared in pellet mill fitted with 8mm stationary die. Pellets containing paddy straw up to 90% were prepared successfully, but beyond 60% paddy straw there was excessive load on the machine and supporting motor. Therefore, pellets containing paddy straw up to 60% were evaluated by in vitro gas production technique. With the increase in the level of paddy straw in pellets, the ash and ADF content increased linearly (P<0.01), while OM, CP, and EE contents decreased (P<0.01). The NDF, hemicellulose and cellulose contents remained similar up to 30% paddy straw in the pellets; thereafter these constituents increased (P<0.01) linearly. Compared to pellets without paddy straw (control), the total ash, NDF, ADF and cellulose content increased by 19.5, 29.5, 31.6 and 35.8% in pellets containing 60% paddy straw. The bulk density of paddy straw-based pellets varied between 560.33 to 655.35 kg/m3, and it increased with the increase in paddy straw level and was highest (P<0.01) in pellets containing 60% rice straw. The in vitro fermentation of pellets resulted in a linear decrease (P<0.01) in net gas production (NGP), true OM digestibility and availability of ME with the increase in the level of paddy straw in the pellets. However, the partitioning factor and ammonia concentration increased (P<0.01). The results revealed that total VFA production in control pellets was comparable to those containing paddy straw up to 30%, but decreased (P<0.05) in pellets containing paddy straw at 45 and 60% levels. The individual VFA production was not affected by the level of paddy straw, except that of acetate, which was depressed (P<0.05) in pellets containing more than 15% paddy straw. The microbial biomass synthesis decreased (P<0.05) with the increase in the level of paddy straw in pellets. The pellets containing 70, 80 or 90% paddy straw cannot be fed exclusively to any category of ruminants because of very low CP and EE content and do not meet the recommended levels of these nutrients in the complete feed of low yielders. It was concluded that paddy straw could be pelletized successfully; best results on net gas production, digestibility of nutrients, VFA production, microbial biomass production and ME were obtained in pellets containing paddy straw up to 30%.

Keywords: In vitro, Nutritional evaluation, Paddy straw, Pellets

*Corresponding author: bakshimps2@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Prusty, Sonali, Swain, P.S., Mishra, S.K., Das, Jayakrushna, Dubey, Meenu and Gendley, M.K. 2021. Effect of nano Se supplementation on Se retention, growth performance, immunity and product quality in poultry: A Mini Review. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 21: 605-620.

Selenium is an essential micro mineral required for maintaining animal health and production. Role of Se in intra- and extra-cellular antioxidant systems is extensively studied. Dietary supplementation is advocated by many researchers to boost immunity which necessitates its synthesis in laboratory. The supplementation of Se can be done either as inorganic, organic or lately in nano form. The synthesis of nano-Se can be done either by following physical, chemical and biological methods. Se in its nano form has more surface area and thus reported to produce better responses in animals and birds. The Se concentration in organs were higher in nano- Se supplemented broiler birds as compared to its inorganic sources. The Se concentration was high in eggs laid by Se supplemented birds from different sources whereas the deposition efficiency was higher for nano Se than sodium selenite. Nano-Se improved growth performances like feed conversion ratio, body weight gain, even in heat stressed birds. Nano-Se supplementation improved humeral immunity manifested by the elevated serum immunoglobulin levels. Nano-Se improved immune response through elevated muscle and liver glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx) activity, decreased malonaldehyde activity, increased catalase enzyme activity and significant decrease in thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) value. Improved anti-oxidative status was instrumental in improving meat quality that resulted in decreased muscle drip loss and improved storage quality of meat in heat stressed birds. Se supplementation to layers improved albumen quality, shell strength and thickness and haugh unit.

Keywords: Growth, Immunity, Meat quality, Nano-Se, Poultry

*Corresponding author:world.sonalindri@gmail.com