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ANFT JANUARY 2017 ISSUES 01

ABSTRACT

Park, J.H., Jeong, J.S., Lee, S.I. and Kim, I.H. 2017. Influence of dietary particle size and sources of calcium and vitamin D3 on production performance, egg quality, and blood calcium concentration of ISA brown laying hens. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 17: 1-12.
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation with calcium varying in particle size and different calcium sources on production performance, egg quality, and blood calcium concentration with comparing vitamin D3 supplementation in laying hens. A total of 250 ISA brown laying hens were used in a 7 wk feeding experiment and randomly assigned to 5 dietary treatments with 5 replicates of 10 birds each. The treatments were TRT1 (basal diet+6% small particle limestone (SPL:<0.8 mm)+1.5% large particle limestone (lpl<0.8 mm), TRT2 (basal diet+3% SPL+4.5% LPL), TRT3 (basal diet+3% SPL+4.455% LPL+0.045% large particle oyster shell (LPO)), TRT4 (basal diet+3% SPL+4.41% LPL+0.09% LPO), and TRT5 (basal diet+3% SPL+4.498% LPL+0.002% 1, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol). Overall, our results suggested that calcium particle size, different calcium sources, and vitamin D3 had no significant influence on egg production performance, egg quality, and blood calcium concentration, however, there was a linear tendency. In other words, LPL prolongs retention time in the digestive tract, resulting in higher blood calcium concentration. Additionally, vitamin D3 supplementation improved this effect clearly compared with TRT1 (P<0.05).

Keywords: Calcium source, 1,25-dihydroxycalciferol, Egg quality, Laying hen, Particle size.

*Corresponding author: inhokim@dankook.ac.kr

ABSTRACT

Rokade, J.J., Shinde, A.S., Bhanja, S.K., Tyagi, Praveen K., Tyagi, Pramod K. and Mandal, A.B. 2017. Evaluation of magnesium sulphate in broiler chicken during hot-dry summer using zoo technical, molecular and physio-biochemical tools. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 17: 13-23.
To evaluate the role of magnesium sulphate in mitigating heat stress, it was tried at two level in diets during hot (April–May, 31.0±0.7° to 37.0±1.4°C, Rh, %: 58.0±1.3-70.1±0.6) summer. Broiler chicks were reared on a standard diet up to 14 days of age and thereafter chicks were randomly distributed into three dietary treatments viz., T1 (Control group: Standard diet), T2 (standard diet with magnesium sulphate @ 1.2 g/kg) and T3 (standard diet with magnesium sulphate @ 2.4 g/kg) and reared upto 42 days of age. Each dietary treatment was fed to four replicated groups of 8 birds each and one more replicate to study blood metabolites and HSP70 gene expression. The humoral and cell mediated immune response was studied on 28th day. Hematological and blood biochemical parameters were studied on 28th and 42nd day of age. Serum corticosteron level was also estimated at 42nd day of age. Expression of HSP 70 in jejunum tissues were studied on 28th and 42nd day of age using Real time PCR. Significant improvement was seen in live weight gain (P<0.01) at 2.4 g />kg and FCR (P<0.001) in 1.2 or 2.4 g />kg magnesium sulphate supplemented groups. The percentage of haemoglobin, protein (P<0.001), ast (p<0.001) and ALT (P<0.001) increased significantly while H:L ratio, serum corticosteron (P<0.001) and serum cholesterol decreased significantly at 4th and 6th week of age due to magnesium sulphate supplementation. Significant down regulation of relative expression of HSP 70 in jejunum tissues (at 4th and 6th week of age) was observed in magnesium sulphate supplemented group. Based on this study it is suggested that supplementation of magnesium sulphate in heat stressed broilers will improve performance and welfare.

Keywords: Broiler, Corticosteron, Heat stress, HSP 70, Magnesium sulphate.

*Corresponding author: oolgun@selcuk.edu.tr

ABSTRACT

Olgun, O. and Aygun, A. 2017. Effect of copper supplementation on performance, eggshell quality and heterophil: lymphocyte ratio in aged laying hens housed at different stocking densities. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 17: 25-33.
This study was conducted to determine the effects of additional dietary copper on performance, eggshell quality and heterophil:lymphocyte ratio in aged laying hens housed at different stocking densities. For this purpose, 216 Nick Chick laying hens of 106 weeks of age, were housed at three different stocking densities i.e. 500, 417 and 357 cm2 /hen, respectively and copper (0, 150 and 300 mg/kg) was added in the basal diet for a period of 10 weeks using a 3x3 factorial arrangement. The effect of the treatments on body weight gain, feed intake, damaged eggs, specific gravity and eggshell breaking strength were not significant (P>0.05). However, eggshell thickness was improved (P<0.05) with increasing stocking density in the aged laying hens. additionally, added copper had a significant effect on egg production (p<0.05), egg weight (P<0.01), egg mass (P<0.01), feed conversion ratio (P<0.01) and eggshell weight (P<0.01). While added copper had a significant adverse effect on eggshell weight, the addition of copper had a significant positive effect on performance parameters. Highest stocking density resulted in increased (P<0.05) heterophil:lymphocyte ratio. Addition of 150 and 300 mg/kg copper in the diet of the birds kept at 500 cm2 /hen stocking density reduced heterophil:lymphocyte ratio as compared to other groups. It may be concluded that supplementation copper in the diet of aged laying hens decreased stress under normal stocking density, while stress was increased to the birds under high stocking density.

Keywords: Copper, Eggshell quality, Heterophil:lymphocyte ratio, Stocking density, Stress.

*Corresponding author: oolgun@selcuk.edu.tr

ABSTRACT

Mokolopi-Kgobe, B.G. and Beighle, D.E. 2017. Blood, bone and faecal concentrations of phosphorus, calcium and magnesium in communally grazed cattle in the North West Province of South Africa. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 17: 35-42.
Twenty five mix breed cattle between the ages of 6 months and 2 years with a mean body mass of 337 kg were randomly selected from a herd exclusively on communal grazing and receiving no supplements and were used to evaluate how animals were able to cope on communal grazing without supplements. Bone, faecal and blood samples were sampled once monthly for 12 months and pasture samples were collected from grazing. Faecal P was significantly (P<0.05) higher, (4.70 mg />g) in March 2006 compared to all other months and was significantly (P<0.05) lower (1.17 mg />g) in July 2006 than all other months. This reflects grass P which was significantly (P<0.05) higher (2.4 mg />g) in March 2006 compared with all other months and significantly (P<0.05) lower (0.33 mg />g) in July 2006 compared to all other months and the rainfall which was also higher (111.1 mm) in March 2006 and lower (0 mm) in July 2006. The results showed that animals were not able to maintain normal values of P, Ca and Mg, especially of blood P when dietary minerals were limiting. Animals were able to use homeostatic mechanisms to maintain bone Mg in the face of deficient concentrations of Mg in the grass.

Keywords: Blood, Bone, Faecal, Minerals, Pasture and Rainfall.

*Corresponding author: satyajitbelsare@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Belsare, S., Dhaker, H.S., Pawase, A., Joshi, V., Mohite, S. and Shelke, S. 2017. Effect of dietary carbohydrate - lipid ratios on growth, body composition and digestive enzyme activities of juvenile goldfish (Carassius auratus). Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 17: 43-53.
The effect of dietary carbohydrate : lipid (CHO:L) ratios on growth performance, body composition and digestive enzyme activities of juvenile goldfish, Carassius auratus (1.69±0.01 g) were investigated for 8 weeks. Juvenile gold fish (n=225) were randomly allocated to five treatments groups (T1 to T5) with 3 replicates of 15 fish in each. Diets were iso-nitrogenous (40% crude protein) and iso-energetic (18.52 MJ/g) with varying CHO:L ratios (1.04 to 38.4). Weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) improved significantly (P<0.05) as dietary cho:l ratio increased, however, this trend was not maintained above cho:l ratio of 4.33. hepatosomatic index (hsi) increased significantly (p<0.05) as dietary CHO:L ratio increased, whereas viscerosomatic index (VSI) followed an opposite trend (P<0.05). Opposite to moisture content, whole body lipid content increased significantly (P<0.05) as dietary CHO:L ratios decreased, while whole body protein showed little difference among the treatments. Protease activity of intestine and liver of fish fed varying CHO:L diets did not show any discernible changes among the dietary treatments. However, intestinal and liver lipase activity decreased, while intestinal α-amylase activity increased significantly (P<0.05) with increasing dietary carbohydrate levels. Based on second-order polynomial regression analysis of SGR, the optimal dietary carbohydrate and lipid levels for young ones of C. auratus were 325 g/kg and 84 g/kg respectively, corresponding to dietary CHO:L ratio of 3.86.

Keywords: Body composition, Carassius auratus, Carbohydrate utilization, Growth, Iso-nitrogenous.

*Corresponding author: inhokim@dankook.ac.kr

ABSTRACT

Panda, M., Panda, N., Swain, R.K., Panigrahi, B., Behera, P.C. and Das, B.C. 2017. Mineral profiles and metabolic status of animals in north eastern ghat zone of odisha. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 17: 55-64.
Feeds, fodders and serum of cows in eight villages from two districts of North Eastern Ghat (NEG) agro-climatic zone of Odisha were collected and analysed for macro and micro mineral contents and metabolic profiles of animals. Among the roughages, paddy straw was found to be deficient in calcium, phosphorus and manganese. Paddy straw contained 0.27 to 0.32% of calcium and 0.09 to 0.13% phosphorus which was lowest among all the roughages and concentrates. Compounded feed and ground nut oil seed cake had the highest calcium and phosphorus contents, respectively. The content of manganese, copper and zinc in different feeds and fodders in this zone varied from 19.16 to 55.58, 5.10 to 41.36 and 25.80 to 49.47 ppm, respectively; whereas, the iron content of the feed and fodders were above 100 ppm which is above the critical level. From the serum profile study it was found that the percentage of animals deficient in Ca, P, Mg, Zn and Cu were 68.3, 54.3, 60.4, 62.0 and 40.0, respectively; whereas only 2.5 and 13% of the animals showed less serum Fe and Mn concentration, respectively. Average serum concentration of glucose, cholesterol, protein, albumin and globulin of the animals were 43.99 mg/ dl, 66.34 mg/dl, 5.75 g/dl, 2.34 g/dl and 3.42 g/dl respectively. It was recommended that supplementation minerals like Ca, P, Mg, Zn and Cu along with protein rich feeds may be given in the diets of cattle for better health and productivity.

Keywords: Cattle, Feeds and Fodders, Mineral, North Eastern Ghat.

*Corresponding author: npandaouat@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Aro, S.O., Falowo, A.B. and Omojola, T.O. 2017. Nutrient composition, growth response and economics of production of rabbits fed diet containing graded levels of fermented cassava starch residues. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 17: 65-73
This study was conducted to compare the nutrient composition of unfermented cassava starch (UFCSR) with microbially fermented cassava starch residues (MFCSR) and to investigate the effect of graded levels of MFCSR on growth performance and economics of rabbits. Thirty rabbits with an average initial live weight of 624.50±42.28 g, aged 6-8 weeks were randomly allotted to five dietary treatments with six rabbits per treatment during a 12-weeks feeding trial. Cassava starch residues (CSR) were fermented with three different strains of microorganisms, viz Lactobacillus delbrueckii, Lactobacillus coryneformis and Aspergillus fumigatus, for five days to obtain the MFCSR. The MFCSR was included at 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 percent levels in diets D1, D2, D3, D4 and D5, respectively. The fermentation of CSR with three strains of microorganisms resulted into higher (P<0.05) me (2760±10.20 kcal />kg), crude protein (7.00±0.09%), ash (3.04±0.16%) contents and lower crude fibre (14.77±0.43%), cyanide (9.84±0.14 mg/kg), tannins (0.05±0.01g/100g) and phytates (7.47±0.28 mg/kg) contents compared to unfermented cassava starch residues (UFCSR). There were significant (P<0.05) differences in the body weight gained (bwg), feed consumed, feed conversion ratio (fcr), cost of feed per unit weight gained for all treatments. rabbits on the diet d3 had the highest bwg (597.50±48.23g), followed by diet d1 (520.00±48.23g) and least on diet d5 (384.00±48.23g). similarly, rabbit on the diet d3 had best frc (8.43±0.85) compared to other treatments. the highest profit was recorded from sales of rabbits on diet d3 (n 226.35±12.55), followed by diet d1 (n 121.70±12.55) and least on diet d5 (n 51.61±12.55). considering both the economics of production and performance characteristics, 30% of mfscr was found to be the best level of inclusion for optimum rabbit production.

Keywords: Cassava starch residues, Economics, Fermentation, Nutrient composition, Performance, Rabbits.

*Corresponding author: anddele2013@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Rama Rao, S.V., Prakash, B., Raju, M.V.L.N. and Panda, A.K. 2017. Effect of microbial enzyme supplementation to guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) meal based diets on performance, bone mineral parameters and carcass characteristics of free range chickens during nursery phase. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 17: 75-86.
Two experiments were conducted to examine the possibility of utilizing toasted guar meal (GM) with microbial enzymes in the diets of Vanaraja chicken. During the experiment I, soybean meal control diet (SBCD) was formulated to contain 2600 ME kcal/kg and 20% protein. Basal diet (BD) was formulated to contain 20% GM with similar energy and protein. The GMBD was supplemented with five microbial enzymes independently and in combination. Each diet was fed ad libitum up to 42 days of age. Inclusion of GM depressed (P<0.01) the body weight gain (bwg) compared to the group fed sbcd. supplementation of individual enzymes (except protease) or combination increased (p<0.01) BWG compared to GMBD groups . The feed conversion ratio (FCR) in groups fed GMBD with combination of enzymes was similar to SBCD fed group. During the experiment II, the GMBD was supplemented with three concentrations each of mannanase and xylanase, which was compared with the SBCD and GMBD. Inclusion of GM depressed (P<0.01) the BWG and FCR. However, enzyme supplementation to GMBD improved the BWG and FCR compared to the group fed GMBD. Supplementation of mannanase and xylanase (6000 and 3250 or 4875 U/kg; 4000 and 3250 U/kg, respectively) to GMBD improved performance, which was similar to SBCD fed birds. Based on the data, it is concluded that toasted GM could be included up to 20% diet without affecting body weight gain and feed efficiency in Vanaraja chicken by supplementing the diet with higher concentrations of mannanase and xylanase.

Keywords: Bone ash, Guar meal, Microbial enzymes, Performance, Vanaraja birds.

*Corresponding author: svramarao1@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Park, J.H., Jeong, J.S. and Kim, I.H. 2017. Effects of lysophospholipid emulsifier supplementation in the diet of sows. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 17: 87-93.
A total of 12 (Yorkshire×Landrace) sows (450 to 500 day old) with an average BW of 227.4±18.7 kg were used to evaluate the effect of 0.05% lysophospholipids on growth performance and nutrient digestibility of sows and piglets during the experimental period. Pigs were assigned to 3 treatment groups: 1) basal diet (CON), 2) CON+0.05% lysophospholipids after farrowing (TRT1) for 3 weeks, and 3) CON+0.05% lysophospholipids from 2 weeks before farrowing upto 3 weeks after farrowing (TRT2) i.e. for 5 weeks. Each treatment group comprised 4 sows. TRT1 and TRT2 groups showed no significant effects on growth performance of sows and piglets and nutrient digestibility of sows, as compared with CON (P>0.05). TRT1 group sows had decreased BW, after farrowing 1.2% and weanling 2.5%; increased BW loss, 7.8%; and increased litter, 3.4%. Likewise, TRT2 group sows had decreased BW, weanling 2.0%; increased BW loss, 27.8%; and increased litter, 14.9%, as compared with CON. Piglets on 0.05% lysophospholipids supplement had improved BW (TRT1, up to 12.4%; and TRT2, up to 18.0%) and an average daily gain (TRT1, up to 18.1%; and TRT2, up to 24.9%), as compared with CON, even though there were no significant effects. The overall results indicated that 0.05% lysophospholipids supplementation does not increase growth performance of sows but might be reflected as positive growth performance in piglets.

Keywords: Growth performance, Lysophospholipids, Nutrient digestibility, Piglet, Sow

*Corresponding author: inhokim@dankook.ac.kr

ABSTRACT

Thakur, R. and Mandal, A.B. 2017. Interaction of acidified sodium chlorite with dietary energy and feed enzymes in broiler chicken. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 17: 95-106.
In today’s world, there is need to sanitize feeds and enhance energy utilization from available feed resources in poultry. So the present experiment was conducted to study the interaction of acidified sodium chlorite (ASC) with dietary energy and feed enzymes in broiler chicken. Twelve diets with two energy levels (2800 and 3000 kcal/kg) each treated with 0, 100 and 250 ppm of ASC and with or without addition of feed enzymes (30 g per quintal) were formulated following a 2×2×3 factorial design. Each dietary treatment was offered to respective group, having 4 replicates of 8 chicks in each. Results revealed that feed energy level accrued significant variation (P<0.001) in live weight and the birds which received 3000 kcal />kg energy had significantly (P<0.001) higher body weight. the feed intake was not affected by either the level of dietary energy or exogenous enzyme supplementation but asc level at 250 ppm suppressed feed intake. the ph and water holding capacity of meat samples was similar amongst all the treatment groups, however, asc treatment increased thio-barbituric acid reactive substance value (p<0.001) in a dose dependent manner. Higher dietary energy also increased the weight of spleen and improved humoral immunity. From this study, it may be concluded the zoo-technical performance and immunocompetence was significantly better in birds offered higher energy feed and apparently no interaction was observed between ASC, dietary energy level and feed enzymes. On the other hand oxidative stability of meat was compromised at higher level of ASC.

Keywords: Acidified sodium chlorite, Broiler, Energy, Enzymes, Immuno-competence.

*Corresponding author: drtcari@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

Wade, M.R. and Sapcota, D. 2017. Effect of dietary esterified glucomannan on the performance of broiler chickens during experimental aûatoxicosis. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 17: 107-116.
The amelioration effect of dietary esterified glucomannan (EGM) was studied in experimental aflatoxicosis using broiler chickens. Day-old chicks (n=270) were divided into 6 treatment groups, containing 45 numbers in each and the study was made in triplicates for 6 weeks. A control ration was prepared with conventional feedstuffs and an experimental diet was made from this ration after incorporating aflatoxin (AF) B1 at 300 ppb. From experimental diet, three rations were prepared by mixing EGM at graded levels i.e., 0.025, 0.05 or 0.10%; whereas, the positive control diet had 0.05% EGM. Significantly (P<0.05) higher bw gain was recorded in the control as well as positive control birds as compared to all treated groups. toxin-alone fed group showed significantly lowest bw. feeding of egm could partially improve the bw of toxin fed broilers. the feed consumption in toxin-fed groups were significantly depressed; however, there was partial improvement due to the supplementation of egm in their diets. the feed efficiency was also inferior in the toxin-alone fed group; however, when egm was supplemented there was significant (p<0.05), though partial improvement. The cost of feeding per kg live weight was found to be lowest in control group whereas highest in toxin-alone fed group; nevertheless, dietary EGM reduced cost of feeding. The highest performance index was noted in control group whereas the lowest in toxin-alone fed group. Among the various treatments, 0.10 per cent of EGM gave the best results.

Keywords: Aflatoxicosis, Broiler chicken, Esterified glucomannan, Performance.

*Corresponding author: debensapcota@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

Kayode, R.M.O. and Afolayan, A.J. 2017. Performance, haematological and serum biochemical profile of cockerels fed diets supplemented with fermented Moringa oleifera seeds. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 17: 117-126.
Attempt to combat the increasing cost of animal feed has motivated researchers interest in nonconventional feedstuffs. Moringa oleifera is known for its high nutritional and medicinal properties. Utilization of the seeds as animal feed ingredient is limited due to inherent anti-nutritional factors. This study investigated the performance, serum biochemical, haematological and carcass quality criteria of cockerels fed processed moringa seeds. The seeds were fermented with culture of Lactobacillus bulgaricus (24×106 cfu/g) before incorporation in cockerel diets. Four diets were formulated consisting of a control and processed seed based diets. Ninety six un-sexed day old cockerels were fed ad libitum and water administered twice daily for six weeks. Performance indices and blood samples were taken for analysis. Feed intake and weight gain were higher (P<0.05) in cockerels fed fermented moringa based diets compared with those fed unfermented diet. the body weight of cockerels fed fermented moringa oleifera seed meal (fmsm) were not different (p<0.05) from the control. Feed conversion ratios of cockerels fed fermented diets were not different (P<0.05) from the control. The haematological indices of the treatment birds and control were within normal range for a healthy bird. Cholesterol and triglyceride constituents of the cockerels fed moringa based diets were generally lower than control. The dressed carcass, thigh and breast weights of the chickens fed diet FMSM and control were not significantly different (P<0.05). However, they were higher compared with cockerels fed Fermented and Unfermented Moringa oleifera seed meal blend (FUMSM) and Unfermented Moringa oleifera seed meal (UMSM). This study suggested 20% inclusion of fermented Moringa oleifera seeds in cockerels’ diet without deleterious effect.

Keywords: Blood parameters, Carcass quality, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Moringa seed, Performance.

*Corresponding author: aafolayan@ufh.ac.za

ABSTRACT

Singh, P., Paul, B.N., Rana, G.C., Mandal, R.N., Chakrabarti, P.P. and Giri, S.S. 2017. Incorporation of ghee residue as feed ingredient for labeo rohita fingerlings. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 17: 127-136.
A 96-day feeding trial was conducted in four ponds of 0.04 ha each to evaluate the efficacy of ghee residue based diet against control diet on growth performance of rohu fingerlings (Av. wt. 10.81±0.91). The feed was prepared with (GR20) and without (GR0 ) 20% ghee residue (GR) along with other feed ingredients. The net weight gain, protein efficiency ratio and daily growth co-efficient during the 96d trial were significantly (P<0.05) higher in ghee residue fed group (gr20). the fcr also improved significantly (p> 0.05) in GR20 (1.75±0.05) as compared to the GR0 (2.23±0.08) group. The specific growth rate and specific feeding rate did not differ significantly between the treatments. The carcass composition revealed that the crude fat content was significantly (P<0.05) higher in group (gr20). however, protein ash and moisture content did not differ significantly between the groups. the minerals content of rohu fingerlings did not differ between the groups. the fatty acid profile of the fish fillet after the experiment revealed that both mono-unsaturated and poly-unsaturated fatty acid composition was significantly (p<0.05) higher in the group GR20 compared to GR0 . It is concluded that incorporation of 20% ghee residue in the diet resulted in better growth performance in rohu fingerlings.

Keywords: Ghee residue, Pond, Labeo rohita, Growth and Carcass composition.

*Corresponding author: bnpaulcifa@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Liu, W.C. and Kim, I.H. 2017. Influence of extract mixture from scutellaria baicalensis and lonicera japonica on egg production, nutrient digestibility, blood profiles and egg quality in laying hens reared in hot humid season. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 17: 137-146.
Heat stress is a demanding issue that results in substantial economic losses for the hens’ husbandry industry. A 8-wk feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the dietary herbal extract mixture (Scutellaria baicalensis and Lonicera japonica, HEM) supplementation as a means of ameliorative strategy against the adverse effects of seasonal heat stress on performance of laying hens. In total, 288 ISA Brown 25- wk-old layers were divided into three treatments: CON, basal diet; T1, basal diet with 0.025% HEM; T2, basal diet with 0.05% HEM. There were no differences (P>0.05) in egg production and nutrient digestibility among treatments throughout the experimental period. The HEM supplementation increased (P<0.05) eggshell thickness and eggshell strength during 4th and 8th wk, respectively. compared with con, yolk height was increased (p<0.01) in response to HEM treatments during the 8th wk. The Haugh unit was improved (P<0.01) by the addition of HEM in 4th wk and 8th wk. Additionally, there was a significant reduction (P<0.05) in serum cortisol concentration upon dietary supplementation of 0.05% HEM. In conclusion, precised HEM supplementation could improve eggshell strength and shelf life in laying hens when reared under hot climatic conditions.

Keywords: Cortisol, Egg quality, Heat stress, Herbal extract, Laying hens.

*Corresponding author: inhokim@dankook.ac.kr

ABSTRACT

Alabi, O.J., Ng’ambi, J.W., Norris, D., Mbajiorgu, E.F., Mabelebele, M. and Mbajiorgu, C.A. 2017. Dietary lysine requirement for optimal productivity and carcass characteristics of growing indigenous venda chicken. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 17: 147-155.
A study was conducted to determine the levels of dietary lysine requirements for optimal productivity and carcass characteristics of growing indigenous Venda chicken from 1–13 wks of age involving 200 unsexed day-old indigenous Venda chicks during first experiment and 160 female chicks during the second experiment. In each feed trial, the chicks were randomly allocated to four dietary treatments with varying lysine levels L6 (0.6%), L8 (0.8%), L10 (1.0%) and L12 (1.2%) in a completely randomized design. L-Lysine-HCl at the expense of inert filler (sand) was used to balance the diet. The initial LW of the birds were taken and at weekly intervals thereafter. At 91d of age all the chickens in each pen were slaughtered and the carcass and haematological parameters determined. Results showed that feed intake, growth rate at the starter and growing phases were influenced (P<0.05) by dietary lysine level. carcass weight, dressing percentage, breast meat and drumstick weights were also influenced (p<0.05) by dietary lysine level. However, dietary lysine level had no effect (P>0.05) on FCR, metabilosable energy and mortality at starter and growing phases. Furthermore, thigh, wings, fat pad weights and haematological parameters were not influenced (P>0.05) by the dietary lysine treatments. Dietary lysine levels of 0.97 and 1.07% DM optimized feed intake and growth rate at the starter phase, respectively. While dietary lysine levels of 0.82 and 0.94 % DM optimized feed intake and growth rate, respectively, at the growing phase. Dietary lysine levels of 0.91, 0.96, 0.98 and 0.93% DM optimized carcass weight, dressing percentage, breast meat and drumstick weights, respectively. These results have implications on ration formulation for indigenous chickens.

Keywords: Carcass characteristics, Haematological, Lysine, Requirements.

*Corresponding author: ejifun@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Singh, R., Mandal, A.B. and Biswas, A. 2017. Efficacy of propionic, benzoic and tartaric acids in preventing biosynthesis of aflatoxins in poultry feed. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 17: 157-164
A poultry feed was prepared using conventional feed ingredients which is free from aflatoxins. The moisture content of the feed was adjusted at 11, 13, 15 and 17%, respectively. The feeds with each level of moisture were then mixed with propionic, benzoic or tartaric acid each at various concentrations of 0.00, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.25, 0.30, 0.35, 0.40, 0.45 and 0.50%, respectively. Samples were taken in a 500 ml conical flask in duplicate, inoculated with fresh spores mould (Aspergillus parasiticus NRRL 2999) producing aflatoxins, incubated at room temperature for a period of one month and then analysed for the presence of aflatoxins (AFB1 , AFB2 , AFG1 and AFG2 ). The results showed that at 11 % moisture level in feed, aflatoxin biosynthesis did not occur in any of the treatments. However, with the increase in moisture content in feed from 11 to 17%, there was increase in production of the aflatoxins. Complete inhibition of aflatoxins synthesis at 13% moisture level was achieved at 0.25% propionic or 0.30% benzoic or 0.40% tartaric acid concentration. The biosynthesis of any of the aflatoxins was completely inhibited at 0.50% propionic or benzoic acid in feed containing 15% moisture. However, propionic or benzoic or tartaric citric acid at 0.50% level in feed, failed to completely inhibit the synthesis of any of the four fractions of aflatoxins in feeds containing 17% moisture level, though with the increased concentrations of acids, the biosynthesis of total as well as individual fractions of aflatoxins decreased. It is thus concluded that the production of aflatoxin at 13% moisture level in poultry feed can be completely inhibited by adding propionic acid @ 0.25% or benzoic acid @ 0.30% or tartaric acid @ 0.40%. However, the level of organic acids varied with incresing level of moisture in the diet. Further, propionic acid was more efficaceous than benzoic or tartaric acid in inhibiting the synthesis of aflatoxins.

Keywords: Aflatoxin, Aspergillus parasiticus, Benzoic acid, Feed, Propionic acid, Tartaric acid.

*Corresponding author: carirsingh@yahoo.co.in

ABSTRACT

Yildiz, C. 2017. Effects of bale density and number of stretch film layers on chemical composition and silage quality class of sorghum bale silage. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 17: 165-172.
The objective of this study was to determine the effects of different bale density and the number of stretch film layers on chemical composition and quality of sorghum bale silage. In this research, Early Sumac variety of sorghum was used as the silage material, bale silage as the silage making technique and silage stretch film as the wrapping material. Research was arranged as 2×3 factorial following a completely randomized experiment design and four replications were carried out. Sorghum bales were carried out on two different densities (450 and 650 kg/m3 ) and were wrapped in three different numbers of stretch film layers (2, 3 and 4 layers). Sorghum bales were stored outside for 120 days and opened after the ensiling period and were subjected to physical evaluation and chemical analysis. According to the results of the physical evaluation, it was determined that all sorghum silages were of very good quality class. Bale density and the number of stretch film layer was determined to have an insignificant effect on the physical evaluation (P>0.05). According to the results of chemical analysis, increased bale density and the number of stretch film layers decreased pH values and increased dry matter content of silage. From the results, it was concluded that increasing bale density and the number of stretch film layers would have a positive effect on the quality of sorghum silage.

Keywords: Bale density, Bale silage, Number of layer, Sorghum, Stretch film.

*Corresponding author: cyildiz@atauni.edu.tr

ABSTRACT

Meena, P., Uddin, A., Tripathi, M.K. and Paswan, V.K. 2017. In vitro fermentation and methane production with diets of varying roughage (Prosopis cineraria leaves) to concentrate ratio. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 17: 173-179.
The experiment was conducted to study the effect of varying concentrate levels in diets with Prosopis cineraria dry leaves on in-vitro fermentation characteristics and methane production. Three composite feed mixtures (CFM) were prepared using Prosopis cineraria (Khejri) dry leaves as roughage source and barley grain in ratio of 80:20 (D1 ), 60:40 (D2 ) and 40:60 (D3 ) respectively, along with 2% mineral mixture and 1% common salt. The in-vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), metabolites and methane production were measured for 24 h fermentation. In-vitro experiment revealed that increasing concentrate levels improved (P<0.05) the ivdmd of diets, which ranged from 70.18 to 74.25% and remained highest in d3 . total gas (ml />g DDM) and methane (g/kg DDM) production as well as ME (MJ/ kg DM) production were increased (P<0.05) with increasing levels of concentrate in the diets. there was a non-significant decrease in the ph of fermentation medium on increasing concentrate levels in the diets. tca-ppt protein was reduced (p<0.05) whereas NH3 N, TVFA and protozoa population increased (P<0.05) by increasing concentrate levels in the diets. It is concluded that increasing level of concentrate improved total gas and methane production along with IVDMD. Methane production was lowest in diets having more Prosopis cineraria dry leaves because of high content of tannins in it, which inhibits the production of methane and reduced the population of protozoa.

Keywords: In vitro Fermentation, Methane Production, Prosopis cineraria.

*Corresponding author: vkpaswan.vet@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Ramigani, V.R., Ramana, J.V., Rao, D.S., Shakila, S. and Suresh, J. 2017. Effect of dietary supplementation of organic acids in combination on performance and carcass traits of broiler chicken. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 17: 181-187.
The present study was carried out with an objective to investigate the production performance and carcass traits of broilers fed with different organic acid combination supplemented diets. Basal pre-starter, starter and finisher broiler diets were formulated as per the nutrient requirements (ICAR, 2013). Six experimental diets, viz. T1 (Basal diet), T2 (Basal diet+antibiotic @ 50 g/100 kg), T3 (Basal diet+20:40:40 combination of citric, formic and propionic acids @ 1.5 g/100g), T4 (Basal diet+30:40:30 combination of citric, formic and propionic acids @ 1.0 g/100g), T5 (Basal diet+ 30:30:40 combination of citric, formic and propionic acids @ 1.0 g/100g), T6 (Basal diet+10:45:45 combination of citric, formic and propionic acids @ 1.5 g/100g) were prepared. Two hundred and seventy day old, straight run commercial broiler chicks were distributed randomly to six treatments with three replicates of fifteen birds each and fed with the experimental diets from 0 to 42 days of age. Body weight gains and feed efficiency were significantly (P<0.05) improved during all phases of the experiment. feed intake in organic acid supplemented groups (t3 to t6 ) was significantly (p<0.05) reduced during the pre-starter and starter phases. Organic acid supplementation revealed no significant (P>0.05) difference in the ready- to- cookyields among the groups, but significantly (P<0.05) increased giblet yields on % live weight basis. The organic acid combination of citric, formic and propionic at 20:40:40 combination could be safely incorporated at 1.5% level in broiler diets for better performance.

Keywords: Acid binding capacity, Buffering capacity, BW gain, Feed efficiency, Organic acids.

*Corresponding author: jvenkataramana@rediffmail.com