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ANFT JANUARY 2014 ISSUES 01

ABSTRACT

Debski, B., Gralak, M.A., Gesinski, K. and Jendrzejczak, E. 2014. Mineral composition of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) plant during vegetation period with special reference to copper. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 14: 1-8.
Two varieties of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) viz. Olav and Sandoval were cultivated in central Poland. Biomass and concentrations of Ca, Mg, Mn, Zn, Fe, Cu, and Cr (using flame AAS method) were estimated in different parts of plant (stem, leaves, infructescence), during 180 days of vegetation period. Whole green part of quinoa was found to contain higher concentrations of Mg, Mn, Zn, Fe and Cu than whole plant cereals (data known from literature). Estimated mineral concentrations found in quinoa plant were compared with requirement of these elements for cattle. Comparison of mineral composition of different parts of quinoa showed that the concentration of the examined minerals, except for Cu, were highest in leaves followed by infructescence and stem. In case of this metal its highest concentration was observed in infructescence followed by leaves and stem. At the end of the vegetation period participation of infructescence in plant copper content was high and ranged from 57% (Olav var.) to 65% (Sandoval var.). Average Cu content in quinoa plants of the two examined varieties was positively correlated with duration of vegetation period, and its concentration exceeds 10 mg/kg DM, the stipulated dietary requirements for cattle. It is concluded that quinoa could be used for cattle and seems to be a good source of macro and micro-elements like magnesium, manganese, iron, zinc and copper.

Keywords: Chenopodium quinoa, Copper, Minerals, Quinoa.

*Corresponding author: bogdandebski@tlen.pl

ABSTRACT

Tekeli, A., Bilgeçli, K., Çelen, F., Kurbal, Ö.F. and Bitigiç, M. 2014. Effects of multi-enzyme supplementation in wheat based quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) rations on egg production, egg quality and some blood parameters. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 14: 9-18.
This study investigates the effects of multi-enzyme (xylanase, β-glucanase, cellulase, pectinase, and protease) supplementation of wheat based quail rations on body weight, feed consumption, egg production, egg quality, feed conversion ratio and some blood parameters. A total of 210 eight-week old quails were distributed into five groups and fed diet supplemented with the multi-enzyme Rovabio Excel at 0 (Control), 0.5 (E-0.5), 1.0 (E-1.0), 1.5 (E-1.5) and 2.0 (E-2.0) kg/ton for a period of 12 weeks. Egg production and egg number increased (P<0.01) in e-1.0 and e-1.5 groups but decreased (p<0.01) in E-2.0. The highest (P<0.05) average egg weight was obtained in the E-1.5 group, fed with 1.5 kg enzyme/ton. Albumen index significantly increased (P<0.05) in all treatment groups compared to control group. The highest (P<0.05) yolk index was recorded in the E-0.5 group fed with 0.5 kg enzyme/ton. Egg shape index increased (P<0.05) in the E-1.0 and E-2.0 groups while the Haugh unit increased significantly (P<0.05) in the E-1.0 and E-1.5 groups. However, egg size decreased (P<0.05) with E-1.0. As a result, 1 and 1.5 kg enzyme/ton amounts of Rovabio Excel enzyme supplementation in wheat based quail rations increased egg production, egg number, average egg weight, albumen index, yolk index, egg shape index and Haugh unit, Minolta a* value. This results of this study suggest that multi-enzyme additives can be used to improve the performance quail fed on wheat based rations.

Keywords: Colour parameters, Egg quality, Enzyme supplementation, Quail, Wheat.

*Corresponding author: atekelim@gmail.com.tr

ABSTRACT

Mizanur, R.M., Wang, X., Park, G. Yun, H., Choi, S., Park, Y. and Bai, S.C. 2014. Vitamin E deficiency could increase the optimum dietary vitamin C requirement in juvenile Olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 14: 19-28.
A 12-week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of deficiency of vitamin E (α- tocopherol) on the optimal vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid, AA) requirement in diets for juvenile Olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Ten diets were formulated to contain two dietary vitamin E levels of 0 (E0) and 200 (E200) mg dl-tocopheryl acetate (TA) and five graded levels (0, 100, 300, 1000 and 3000 mg/kg diet) of AA in the form of L-ascorbyl-2-monophosphate (AMP). Fish averaging 4.81±0.06 g (mean ±SD) were distributed randomly to each aquarium as a group of 25 fishes. Increasing vitamin C levels from 0 to 100 mg/kg diets had significantly improved survival, weight gain and feed efficiency of fish, being particularly evident with vitamin E deficient diet (E0). Broken-line regression analysis indicated that the optimum dietary vitamin C level could be 114.99 mg ascorbic acid (AA)/kg diet in vitamin E deficiency diets (E0) and of 92.16 mg AA/kg diet in vitamin E supplemented diets (E200). The results indicated that vitamin E deficiency could increase the optimum dietary vitamin C level in juvenile Olive flounder.

Keywords: Deficiency, Olive flounder, Paralicthys olivaceus, Vitamin C, Vitamin E.

*Corresponding author: scbai@pknu.ac.kr

ABSTRACT

Ananth, D., Krishnamoorthy, U., Singh, K.C. and Gloridoss, R.G. 2014. Effect of tamarind (tamarindus indica) seed tannin on in vitro biomass production and substrate degradation of aerobic rice straws. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 14: 29-39.
Three aerobic varieties of rice straw IR-64, IR-36 and IR-30864 differing in their composition and rate of substrate degradation were incubated without or with 5 and 7.5% of tamarind seed testa (TST) to evaluate the effect of tannin on ruminal biomass production. Semi-purified tamarind seed tannin containing total phenolic content of 51.73% tannic acid (TA) equivalence, total tannin of 31.75% TA equivalence and condensed tannin of 23.32% leucocyanidine equivalent, degrading with a total gas production of 100 ml at a rate of 0.0306 mg/min was used for the study. The (TST) supplementation (P<0.01) reduced the potential gas production, prolonged the rate of substrate degradation in all the three varieties. the halflife was prolonged by 2h in ir-64 and ir-36 variety and 6h in ir-30864 variety. incubation of straw varieties with tst at t1 />2 period of respective straws, showed significant (P<0.01) increase of rumen microbial biomass production in terms of rna equivalence. significant linear reduction in gas production was observed in all the varieties with increasing level of tst. the efficiency of rumen biomass production were increased (p<0.01) in all the varieties with TST addition. The total SCFA contents were low in all the varieties of straw with addition of either 5 or 7.5% TST with resultant variations in the concentration of propionate and butyrates. Inclusion of tamarind seed testa at 5 and 7.5% to aerobic straws produced a shift in the fermentation pattern towards more microbial biomass, and less of gas and SCFA production, increased efficiency of biomass production along with higher propionate and lower butyrate and isobutyrate production.

Keywords: In vitro, Microbial biomass production, Rice straw, Tamarind seed testa, Tannin.

*Corresponding author: drdeepaananth@hotmail.com

ABSTRACT

Khattab, I.M., Salem, A.Z.M., Camacho, L.M., Abdel-Wahed, A.M. and Kewan, K.Z. 2014. Azzawi dates (Phoenix dactylifera) as a substitute for corn as an energy source in sheep diet: In vitro gas production and fermentation. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 14: 41-49.
In vitro gas production technique was used in the current study to evaluate Azzawi date (AD) as a substitute for corn grain (CG). The AD was used to replace corn grain at graded levels in the proportion: 0:100 (CG), 25:75 (AD25), 50:50 (AD50), 75:25 (AD75), and 100:0 (AD100). Gas production (GP) was continuously measured by incubating samples in buffered rumen fluid from cannulated sheep and it was recorded at 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 48 and 72h of incubation. Cumulative GP, kinetics of GP (a, b and c), ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) and volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentrations were determined, while metabolizable energy (ME), net energy (NE), organic matter digestibility (OMD), microbial protein (MP) were estimated. The gas volume was increased (P<0.05) at 12h with increasing the substitution levels of ad in the feed, the values ranged between 31.3 and 44.7 ml />200 mg DM. However, it was found to be decreased (P<0.05) at 48 and 72h with increasing substitution levels of ad. there were no differences in the gas production found at 24h. data of vfa, ne, omd and mp were similar (p> 0.05) among the feeds. The energy (ME; MJ/kg DM) value of AD25 (10.4) and AD50 (10.3) were comparable to that of CG (10.5); however it was reduced (P<0.05) with ad75 and ad100. data demonstrated that, azzawi date at the level of 50 g />100g of substrate (i.e., AD50) may have similar energy contents as of corn grain, and it can be used as a source of energy in ruminant diets either alone or in combination with corn grain.

Keywords: Azzawi date, Corn grain, Gas production, In vitro.

*Corresponding author: asalem70@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

Dhayagude, R.S., Garg, A.K. and Dass, R.S. 2014. Effect of addition of certain antioxidants on the metabolism of cadmium and other nutrients in dietary cadmium exposed guinea pigs. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 14: 51-58.
Seventy healthy guinea pigs (261.1±2.18 g mean BW) were divided into seven equal groups. While no cadmium (Cd) was added in the control group (T0), 10 ppm Cd was added in remaining all the groups along with zinc (Zn) @ 0 (T1), 50 (T2) and 100 ppm (T3), selenium (Se) @ 0.2 (T4) and 0.4 ppm (T5) and vitamin E @ 100 IU/kg diet (T6). Experimental feeding lasted for 70d including a 4d metabolic trial. The results showed that supplementation of 10 ppm Cd in the diet had no effect on intake and digestibility of DM, OM, CP, EE, NDF, ADF, cellulose and hemicelluloses and retention of N, Ca, P, Cu, Fe, Zn and Mn. However, absorption as well as retention of Cd was significantly (P<0.05) higher in all the cd treated groups (t1 to t6) as compared to control (t0), but it was significantly (p<0.05) reduced in all the groups supplemented with antioxidants with highest reduction in group T3 (100 ppm Zn) and T6 (100 IU vitamin E) as compared to group T1. Overall, the results indicated that supplementation of either 100 ppm Zn or 100 IU vitamin E could largely reduce the absorption and retention of dietary Cd in the guinea pigs given 10 ppm Cd in their diet.

Keywords: Antioxidants, Cadmium, Guinea pigs, Nutrient utilization

*Corresponding author: akgivri@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Wadhwa, M., Hundal, J.S., Kaur, K. and Bakshi, M.P.S. 2014. Effect of essential oils dissolved in different solvents on the in vitro methane production. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 14: 59-67.
The study was taken up to assess the effect of the essential oils (EOs) like cinamaldehyde (CIN), carvone (CAR) and limonene (LIM), dissolved in different solvents like water, 50% methanol, 80% ethanol, petroleum ether (PE), propylene glycol (PG) on in vitro digestibility of nutrients, methane and volatile fatty acids (VFAs) production from wheat straw in a 4x5 factorial experiment. The EOs were supplemented @ 3% of the substrate. Irrespective of the solvent used, the net gas production (NGP) was depressed (P<0.01) in car and lim supplemented groups as compared to control. the digestibility of ndf and true om was depressed (p<0.01) in all the EO supplemented groups as compared to control. Amongst the EOs, the highest digestibility was observed in wheat straw supplemented with CIN. The CH4 production was lowest (P<0.01) when wheat straw was supplemented with CAR. The ME availability was also highest in CIN supplemented group, which was comparable to control but higher (P<0.01) than CAR supplemented group. Irrespective of EO, the NGP was high (P<0.01) when ethanol was used as a solvent as compared to methanol. The digestibility of NDF and that of true OM was comparable between water and methanol, but higher (P<0.01) than other solvents.The EOs dissolved in PE and PG showed lowest (P<0.01) CH4 production. The total VFA production was highest (P<0.01) in PG followed by ethanol and methanol. The propionate and isovalerate were highest in PG supplemented groups. Keeping in view the NGP, digestibility of nutrients, methane and VFA production and correlations worked out for all possible combinations in different parameters, the best combination was cinamaldehyde or carvon dissolved in 50% methanol. The use of petroleum ether and propylene glycol as solvent in such studies should be avoided.

Keywords: Digestibility, Essential oils, In vitro, Methane, Solvents, Volatile fatty acids.

*Corresponding author: bakshimps@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

Keles, G., Kurtoglu, V., Demirci, U., Ates, S., Canatan, T., Kan, M. and Gunes, A. 2014. Conservation characteristics of triticale-hungarian vetch silage ensiled with homo-fermentative or hetero-fermentative lactic acid bacteria in jars. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 14: 69-79.
The effects of five lactic acid bacteria (LAB) treatments on the conservation characteristics of triticale-Hungarian vetch silages were investigated in a 3 (stage of ensiling) x 6 (additive treatments) factorial design. Triticale-Hungarian vetch herbage wilted to 35% DM was chopped and treated with three homo-fermentative LAB (two strains of Lactobacillus plantarum; L. plantarum + Enterecoccus faecium and multi-strain of homo-fermentative LAB + enzyme mixture), hetero-fermentative LAB (two strains of Lactobacillus buchneri) or hetero-fermentative + homo-fermentative LAB (L. buchneri, L. plantarum, E. faecium). Silages made without additive served as control. The application of homo-fermentative LAB resulted in increased (P<0.001) water soluble carbohydrates (wsc), but decreased (p<0.001) silage pH and ammonia-N within the 4 weeks of fermentation. Application of homo-fermentative LAB with enzyme also increased (P<0.001) concentration of lactic acid resulting in higher (P<0.001) DM recovery. L. buchneri with or without homo-fermentative LAB improved the standard of preservation which had higher (P<0.001) silage pH, concentration of acetic and propionic acid, but lower concentration of lactic acid and WSC (P<0.001). The combination of L. buchneri and homo-fermentative LAB reduced (P<0.001) ammonia-N as compared to the control. Aerobic stability was the longest (P<0.001) in silages treated with L. buchneri, but it was the shortest (P<0.001) in silages treated with homo-fermentative LAB. It is concluded that even if ensiling conditions are optimal for silage fermentation, both homo-fermentative and hetero-fermentative LAB and their combination can improve the quality of silage. Further, using homo-fermentative LAB in combination with L. buchneri rather than using L. buchneri alone is more preferable.

Keywords: Lactobacillus buchneri, Stage of ensiling, Triticale-Hungarian vetch silage.

*Corresponding author: gurhan.keles@adu.edu.tr

ABSTRACT

Venkatasubramani, R., Vasanthakumar, P., Chandrasekaran, D., Rajendran, D. and Purushothaman, M.R. 2014. Performance of broilers fed formic and propionic acid supplemented diets. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 14: 81-90.
A feeding trial was conducted using 360 one day-old broiler chicks (Vencobb) of either sex for six weeks period to assess the performance of broilers fed diets containing formic and propionic acids either singly or in combination. The experimental birds were allotted to eight dietary treatment groups with three replicates per group comprising 45 birds in each treatment group. The control and antibiotic growth promoter (AGP) dietary groups were fed basal diet and basal diet plus virginiamicin (0.05%), respectively while the other dietary treatment groups were supplemented with either formic acid at 0.1 (FA-0.1) or 0.15% (FA-0.15) or propionic acid at 0.1 (PA-0.1) or 0.15% (PA-0.15) or combination of formic (0.05) and propionic (0.05% each) acids (FA+PA-0.1) or commercial gut acidifier (CGA) at 0.1% level. The performance of the birds in terms of weight gain, feed efficiency, nutrient digestibility, carcass characteristics, blood parameters and cost of production were assessed. The results revealed that addition of formic acid at 0.1 (FA-0.1) or 0.15% (FA-0.15) or propionic acid at 0.1 (PA-0.1) or 0.15% (PA- 0.15) or combination of formic and propionic acids (FA+PA- 0.1) or commercial gut acidifier (CGA- 0.1) at 0.1% level in the diet of broilers did not influence the BW gain and feed intake. The feed conversion ratio (P<0.05) was better in antibiotic-virginiamicin (1.76), fa+pa-0.1(1.70) and cga-0.1 (1.74) fed groups as compared to the control (1.86). carcass characteristics, digestibility of nutrients and tibial ash content were not affected significantly. the feed cost per kg live weight gain and per kg meat production was significantly (p<0.05) lower in antibiotic and FA+PA-0.1 groups. Based on feed conversion efficiency and economics, it can be inferred that combination of formic and propionic acids at 0.1% level in the diet of broilers was found to be beneficial and comparable to the antibiotic (virginiamicin) fed group. Hence organic acids can be used in the diet of broilers to replace AGP so as to avoid the problem of antibiotic residues in livestock products.

Keywords: Broiler chicken, Feed acidifiers, Formic, Organic acids, Propionic acids.

*Corresponding author: p.vasanthakumar@tanuvas.org.in

ABSTRACT

Mohammadi, M., Sarsangi, A.H., Haghighi, T.D., Webster, C., Rajabipour, F., Mashaii, N., Bitaraf, A. and Hafeziyeh, M. 2014. Optimization of dietary protein in all male Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) reared in inland saline water. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 14: 91-99.
Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is important as a newly introduced species to inland aquaculture industry of Iran. Feed is the most important economic factor, and protein, the most expensive ingradient represents more than 50% of expenses was investigated. All male Nile tilapia (180) with initial weight 13.85±1.01 g divided randomly in 12 tanks (150 L, 3 L/min water flow) and fed with 4 diets (15, 22, 29 and 36% crude protein) during 8 weeks. Survival did not affect by increasing protein level. Growth, food and protein performance indices improved significantly (P<0.01) up to cp 29. the most economical diet for getting convince growth, food and protein performance was 29% crude protein. mathematical model (polynomiyal) between pce and protein level showed the maximum protein efficiency appeared in 35.3% crude protein.

Keywords: Dietary protein, Male Nile tilapia, Saline water, Optimization.

*Corresponding author: mohammaditabasy@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Ravindra Kumar, Chaudhary, U.B., Ashok Kumar and Sharma, D.K. 2014. Effect of herbal anticoccidial feed mix pellet on the growth, rumen fermentation and blood metabolites of Barbari goats. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 14: 101-108.
Effect of replacement of chemical anticoccidial with herbal mixture on growth, rumen and blood metabolites in Barbari goats was studied. Three types of complete pelleted feed with roughage and conc. (60:40) were formulated i.e. normal complete pellet (T1) with no addition, chemical anticoccidial pellet (T2) containing amprolium as feed mix and herbal anticoccidial pellet (T3) containing extract of Allium sativum and Artmisia as feed mix. Evaluation of these three pellets was carried out in 3-4 months old Barbari goats. An experiment of 120d feeding was carried out and daily feed intake, fortnightly body weight gain, blood parameters, rumen fermentation parameters, oocyst count (OPG) were studied. The daily dry matter intake (g) was similar (P>0.05) in all the group. The average daily gain (g) was significantly (P<0.05) higher in treatment groups as compared to t1 (control) group (40.41). however, statistically similar body weight gain (g) was recorded in t2 (53.52) and t3 (52.05) groups. there was no difference in ruminal ph, ammonia nitrogen (mg />dl) among different groups, while higher total volatile fatty acid (mmol/dl) was observed in T3 (13.50) as compared to T1 (10.88) and T2 (11.02) groups. Similarly, significant (P<0.05) lower acetate to propionate ratio was found in t3 (3.44) as compared to t1 (5.50) and t2 (4.04). the level of haemoglobin (g />dl) and hematocrit (%) was lower (P<0.05) in control (t1) group (5.92, 18.46) as compared to t2 (7.28, 23.58) and t3 (8.50, 28.34) groups, respectively. it can be concluded that production parameters affected due to coccidial infection get improved by feeding of anticoccidial pellet containing either chemical or herbal anticoccidial mix. so herbal anticoccidial mix can replace chemical anticoccidial compound in feed pellet there by reducing the chemical residue in goat products.

Keywords: Coccidia, Goats, Herbal pellet feed.

*Corresponding author: ravindra.srivastava@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Parand, E., Danesh Mesgaran, M., Faramarzi Garmroodi, A. and Vakili, A. 2014. Effect of level and duration of application of a commercial enzyme mixture on in vitro ruminal fermentation responses of a mid-forage total mixed ration. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 13: 109-119.
In vitro gas production technique was used to evaluate ruminal fermentation characteristics of a mid-forage total mixed ration (TMR; containing 39.4% corn silage, 6.2% wheat straw and 54.4% concentrate) which was pre-treated with a commercial enzyme mixture (Natuzyme®) applied at the rate of 0.0, 0.84, 1.68 and 2.52 g/kg DM (E0.0, E0.84, E1.68 and E2.52, respectively) and at different times (0, 12 and 24 hr before to the start of the in vitro incubation, namely hr0, hr12 and hr24, respectively). Increasing levels of enzyme from 0.84 to 2.52 g/kg substrate DM linearly (P<0.001) increased gas production volume (gp96). in vitro dry matter disappearance (ivdmd) increased quadratically (p<0.05) with increasing level of enzyme and was highest at E1.68. Fermentation efficiency (FE) increased quadratically (P<0.001) with increasing level of enzyme and the highest (P<0.05) FE was at E0.84. Methane production at (t1/2) increased (P<0.05) linearly with increasing level of enzyme. Gas production volume (GP24) responded quadratically (P<0.001) as the time of enzyme administration increased from hr 0 to hr12 and hr24 and was highest at hr12. IVDMD and FE decreased linearly (P<0.001) as time of pre-incubation increased from 0h to 24 h. Results suggest that the enzyme used and the times of pretreatment are advantageous to improve in vitro fermentation of a mid-forage ration.

Keywords: Enzyme, Gas production, In vitro fermentation.

*Corresponding author: danesh@um.ac.ir

ABSTRACT

Kholif, A.M. and Aziz, H.A. 2014. Influence of feeding cellulytic enzymes on performance, digestibility and ruminal fermentation in goats. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 14: 121-136.
A study was conducted to investigate the effects of adding cellulytic enzyme “Asperozym” or Tomoko® to the diets on the performance of goats. Six Baladi lactating goats after 42 days of parturition were assigned randomly into three groups of two animals each using 3x3 Latin square design. The experimental periods were 90 days and consisted of three equal periods. The first group was fed on 50% concentrate feed mixture (CFM), 10% grounded date stone and 40% berseem clover (control diet). The second group was fed control diet (C) supplemented with Asperozym at 3.08 U/kg DM (T1). The third group was fed control diet supplemented with Tomoko® at 1.54 U/kg DM. (T2). At the last day of each experimental period, rumen liquor samples were collected at zero and 4h post-feeding. Individual milk samples were collected at the last three days of each period for analysis. The diets supplemented with Asperozym (T1) and Tomoko® (T2) showed significantly (P<0.05) increased digestibility all nutrients for compared with the control diet. rumen liquor parameters were significantly (p<0.05) affected. Asperozym enzyme group had the highest total ciliate densities of ruminal protozoa followed by control group and group B. Milk yield was higher (P<0.05) for goats fed T1 and T2 diets than those fed the control diet. On the other hand, there were no significant differences between goats fed T1 diet and those fed T2 diet. Milk composition was not affected (P>0.05) by cellulase-treated diets. Overall, the results suggest that the exogenous enzymes could be used with success as supplements in goats’ diets.

Keywords: Cellulytic enzymes, Digestibility, Goats, Milk, Rumen parameters.

*Corresponding author: am_kholif2000@yahoo.co.uk

ABSTRACT

Abdel-Aziz, N.A., El-Adawy, M.M., Salem, A.Z.M., Cerrillo-Soto, M.A., Camacho, L.M. and Borhami, B.E. 2014. Effects of exogenous enzymes, Lactobacillus acidophilus or their combination on feed intake, digestibility and performance of rabbits fed sugarcane bagasse. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 14: 137-145.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus (LAC), exogenous enzymes ZAD® or their combination on feed intake, nutrient digestibility and performance of rabbits fed increasing levels of sugarcane bagasse (SCB). Five rations were allotted randomly to five groups of New Zealand white (NZW) rabbits (838±42.4g average BW at 5 weeks of age. Rabbits were fed: (i) a control diet made of 100% berseem hay and 0% SCB, (ii) 50% berseem hay and 50% untreated SCB (USCB), (iii) 50% berseem hay and 50% SCB treated with Lactobacillus acidophilus (LAC), (iv) 50% berseem hay and 50% SCB treated with ZAD® (ZAD), and (v) 50% berseem hay and 50% SCB treated with LAC+ZAD® (LZ). Treatment of SCB with Lactobacillus acidophilus, ZAD® and LAC+ ZAD® led to higher CP content and lower contents of ADF, NDF and DM. Total DM intake was not affected by treatments. Digestibility coefficient of CP for LAC and LZ were higher (P<0.05) compared to the other groups. the bw for lac and lz rabbits was higher (p<0.05) than for the other groups, while the BW for LAC rabbit was the highest (P<0.05) and for USCB was the lowest. It can be concluded that treating sugarcane bagasse with Lactobacillus acidophilus, exogenous enzymes of ZAD® or their combination improved feeding values; however, the treatment with Lactobacillus acidophilus was found to be the best.

Keywords: Exogenous enzymes, Feed digestibility, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Sugarcane bagasse.

*Corresponding author: asalem70@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

Saijpaul, S., Chandrahas, Saini, A.L. and Gangwar, M. 2014. Effect of probiotic supplementation on growth, nutrient utilization and economics of feeding in beetal kids under stall-fed conditions. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 14: 147-152.
A study was conducted on 24 Beetal kids randomly distributed into four groups (3 males and 3 females in each) to investigate the effect of fresh live cultures having 1 x 108 cfu/gm of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae on growth and nutrient digestibility under stall-fed conditions. All the animals were fed a basal diet without any probiotic (P0) or supplemented with L. acidophilus (PL), S. cerevisiae (PS) or both in combination (PL+S) at 0.2% of BW. The ADG of kids was also not influenced by probiotics supplementation; however, it was higher by 22.42 and 3.42% in PS and PL, respectively, over the control (P0). There were no significant differences in the DM intake among the groups. Digestibility coefficients of OM, CP, EE, total carbohydrates, ADF, cellulose and hemi-cellulose were also similar (P>0.05) among the groups. However, the NDF digestibility was significantly (P<0.05) higher in ps in comparison to pl+s. the cost of per unit daily gain was lowest in ps in comparison to the control and other two probiotic groups. it can be concluded that the sole supplementation of s. cerevisiae (strain ncdc-49) at 0.2% of bw may improve the intake and digestibility of cell wall fractions in beetal kids under stall-fed conditions.

Keywords: Beetal kids, Economics, Probiotics, Nutrient digestibility, Supplementation.

*Corresponding author: drchandrahas2003@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Guerra-Medina, C.E., Medina-Torres, L.G., Montañez-Valdez, O.D., Pérez-Sato, M. and Ley de Coss, A. 2014. Growth performance of growing lambs fed on pine (Pinnus patula) sawdust as basal diet supplemented with monensin sodium. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 14: 153-159.
In order to evaluate the effect of including monensin sodium in a diet of 15% pine sawdust for lambs in feedlots, two treatments in five experimental periods of seven days each were used. The treatments were- Control: basal diet of 15% pine sawdust, M: control diet supplemented with 15 g/ton of monensin sodium. Average daily gain (ADG), dry matter intake (DMI), feed conversion (FC), rumen pH and cost of feed were measured. Treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design with seven replicates per treatment. The ADG, FC, rumen pH and feed costs did not differ (P>0.05), while the DMI was reduced in lambs fed the M (P>0.05) diet. There were no metabolic problems such as acute rumen acidosis or diarrhea in any treatment. The results suggest that pine sawdust may be used an alternative source of fiber in diets for lambs in feedlots and monensin may be included in feedlot lambs production to decrease DMI without affecting ADG.

Keywords: Feedlot, Fiber, Lambs, Monensin, Sawdust.

*Corresponding author: montanez77@hotmail.com

ABSTRACT

Jacob, A.B., Singh, P. and Verma, A.K. 2014. Effect of supplementation of deoiled mahua seed cake on the growth performance and blood biochemical parameters of crossbred calves during recovery period of infection from F. gigantica. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 14: 161-168.
A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of supplementation of deoiled mahua seed cake (DMSC) in the concentrate mixture of crossbred calves infected with F.gigantica on its growth performance and blood biochemical parameters during recovery period. Twenty healthy crossbred (HF X Haryana) male calves aged 6-7 months with an initial average live weight of 79.59±2.71 kg were divided into four treatment groups (CON, CON-INF, DMC and DMC-INF) of 5 animals each following randomized block design. DMSC was included in the concentrate mixture of DMC and DMC-INF groups at 10% level. Animals of groups CON-INF and DMC-INF were given an infection of 200 metacercariae (mc) of F. gigantica as trickle infection dose of 50 mc twice weekly over a period of two weeks. The average daily gain and feed conversion efficiency were significantly (P<0.001) higher in dmc-inf group compared to con-inf group. the dmc-inf group regained haemoglobin concentration comparable to that of control group as early as 30 days post treatment (dpt), whereas the con-inf group took more time to regain the same. in both the con-inf and dmc-inf groups, the serum glucose, total proteins and its fractions became comparable to that of control groups by 30 dpt. the mean serum concentration of serum ast, ldh and ggt of con-inf group was significantly (p<0.001) higher than that of CON and DMC-INF groups. However, in DMC-INF group the enzyme values were significantly (P<0.001) lower as compared to CON-INF group and in both the infected groups the enzyme level returned to a normal physiological range by 60 DPT. The study revealed that supplementation of DMSC at 10% level in the concentrate mixture of crossbred calves recovering from F. gigantica in infection helped to recuperate the normal growth performance earlier as compared to unsupplemented animals.

Keywords: Crossbred calves, Fasciolosis, Growth, Recovery, Supplementation.

*Corresponding author: putan60@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Buendía, R.G., González, M.S., Pérez, S.M., Ortega, N.I., Aceves, H.C., Montoya, F.M.D., Almaraz, B.I., Partida, P.J.E. and Salem, A.Z.M. 2014. Effect of an exogenous phytase on growth performance in growing Holstein calves. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 14: 169-174.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect on the productive performance, apparent digestibility of DM, serum phosphorus and phosphorus balance in Holstein calves which received a high concentrate diet with different doses of exogenous phytase for a period of 60d. The experiment was conducted with a completely randomized design with three treatments of eight calves each, the treatment included dietary supplementation of exogenous phytase at 0, 12 and 24 g/ton. Phytase inclusion increased (P<0.05) average daily gain when phytase was supplemented at 24 (850g) as compared to 0 (816g) or 12 (809g) g />ton. However, it had no effect (P>0.05) on DM intake, feed conversion and DM digestibility. Adding phytase in the diet decreased phosphorus excretion in faeces (P<0.05) showing a significant linear increase with increasing level of supplementation (the values being 9.96, 9.14 and 8.13 g />d) which, in turn, increased the P retention (4.69, 5.37 and 6.45 g/d, resectively, for the three groups). In conclusion, supplementation of phytase could improve the growth performance of calves without any discernible effects on feed intake or digestibility of nutrients.

Keywords: Calves, Growth, Holstein, Phytase.

*Corresponding author: asalem70@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

Zain, M., Rahman, J. and Khasrad. 2014. Effect of palm oil by products on in vitro fermentation and nutrient digestibility. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 14: 175-181.
Indonesia has the most abundant palm oil by products such as oil palm fronds (OPF), palm oil sludge (POS) and palm kernel cake (PKC) that can be used as feed for ruminant. The aim of this experiment was to study the level of OPF, POS, PKC on in vitro digestibility and fermentation. Oil palm fronds was previously treated with 3% urea. The five treatments consisted of native grass as control and four levels of palm oil by products viz., A= native grass (control), B= 30% OPF + 50% POS + 20% PKC, C= 40% OPF + 40% POS + 20% PKC, D= 50% OPF+ 30% POS+ 20% PKC, and E= 60% OPF + 30% POS + 20% PKC. The formulated feeds were evaluated adopting Tilley and Terry method. The results indicated that increasing use OPF in diet caused lowered ammonia-N and total volatile fatty acids concentration in the incubation medium. There was a reduction (P<0.05) in the in vitro dm digestibility in all the opf containing diet vis-à-vis the control. digestibility of cp was also reduced (p<0.05) in diets C and D as compared to A; that of diet E was of the lowest. The digestibility all nutrients showed a gradual decline with increasing proportion of OPF in the formulation. It is concluded that use of OPF based oil palm by products reduced in vitro digestibility. Further animal trials are needed to confirm the optimal level of its use.

Keywords: Ammoniation, Degradability, Fermentation, Oil palm fronds, Palm oil by product.

*Corresponding author: mardiati@faterna.unand.ac.id

ABSTRACT

Buendía, R.G., González, M.S.S., Mendoza, M.G.D., Ortega, A.N.I., Aceves, H.C., Crosby, G.M.M., Meneses, T.A.P. and Salem, A.Z.M. 2014. Exogenous phytase effects on growth performance of weaned Dorper x Pelibuey lambs. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 14: 183-188.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of an exogenous phytase on in vitro residual phosphorus (P) concentration and performance of 30 weaned ¾ Dorper vs ¼ Pelibuey lambs (12.12±1.46 kg BW). In vitro treatments were: 0 and 0.12 mg phytase per g of sorghum, corn gluten meal (CGM), alfalfa hay and experimental diet (70% ground sorghum grain, 16.9% CGM, 12% alfalfa hay, 1.1% calcium carbonate). There were significant (P<0.05) differences in the residual p concentration (%) between 0 and 0.12 mg phytase at 24h of incubation, the values being 0.086 and 0.050 for ground sorghum grain, 0.259 and 0.119 for cgm, 0.365 and 0.240 for alfalfa hay, and 0.276 and 0.240 for the mixed diet with the corresponding 48h values of 0.054 and 0.048 for ground sorghum grain, 0.178 and 0.161 for cgm, 0.198 and 0.131 for alfalfa hay, and 0.237 and 0.211 for the mixed diet. for the performance trial, 30 lambs were allotted to three different groups using complete randomised design, and were fed the experimental diet supplemented with 0, 6 or 12 g t-1 phytase. parameters recorded were adg, dm intake, feed conversion (fc), apparent dm digestibility and faecal p excretion (fpe). phytase supplementation did not change (p> 0.05) ADG (251, 294 and 266 g/d), DMI (905, 1119 and 975 g/d), FC (4.06, 4.37 and 3.94). However, phytase addition increased DMD (72.34, 82.54 and 82.57%) and FPE (1.01, 1.09 and 1.26 g/d). It may be concluded that apparent DM digestibility as well as faecal excretion of phosphorus were affected when an exogenous phytase was added to a 70% sorghum grain diet, fed to weaned Dorper x Pelibuey lambs.

Keywords: Faecal excretion, In vitro, Phosphorus, Phytase, Sheep.

*Corresponding author: asalem70@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

Rakesh Thakur, Mandal, A.B., Kadam, M.M. and Rana Parvin. 2014. Impact of acidified sodium chlorite treatment and enzyme supplementation on energy bio-availability from maize-soy mixture. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 14: 189-193.
Acidified sodium chlorite, a strong biocidal agent, has been found to improve the energy bioavailability from fiber rich feed ingredients like sunflower meal and de-oiled rice bran in chicken. As maize and soybean are the two most commonly used ingredients in poultry feed and a number of exogenous enzyme preparations are being used commercially to improve the nutrient bioavailability in poultry, the present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of acidified sodium chlorite (ASC) treatment at 0, 100 and 250 ppm level and enzyme supplementation (0.3 g/kg), both individually and in combination, on energy bio-availability from maize-soy mixture (60:40), through practical diet replacement method in adult cockerels. Results revealed that the feed intake in various groups was almost similar indicating ASC and enzyme had no untoward influence on feed palatability. The treatment with ASC at 100 and 250 ppm resulted in 1.72 and 2.94% improvement in AMEn of maize-soy mixture over control (3261 kcal). The AMEn values were comparable between enzyme supplemented and non supplemented groups. Thus it may be concluded that though ASC pretreatment enhanced the energy bioavailability (1.7 to 2.9%) from maizesoy mixture but its effectiveness with enzyme supplementation need to be further investigated.

Keywords: Acidified sodium chlorite, Energy, Enzymes, Maize and soybean.

*Corresponding author: drtcari@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

Gado, H.M., Almustafa, S.S., Salem, A.Z., Khalil, F.A. and Abdalla, E.B. 2014. Influence of vitamins and exogenous enzymes combination on alleviating heat stress in lactating ewes under Egyptian summer conditions. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 14: 195-203.
The present experiment was designed to study the effects of vitamin mixtures and exogenous enzymes ZADO® in alleviaties heat stress in ewes in summer temperatures (25-44°C) compared with winter temperatures (8-22°C). Fifty lactating Ossimi ewes were divided randomly into 5 treatment groups. In summer, the experiment included four treatments: (i) control i.e., normal summer conditions, no supplements (control 2), (ii) ewes supplemented with 10 g/head/day of ZADO® mixed in the concentrate, (iii) ewes supplemented with vitamin AD3E (250 mg/kg BW) and C (45 mg/kg BW) mixture, and (iv) ewes supplemented with ZADO® and vitamin mixture as above. In winter, the treatment comprised of assessments only under normal winter condition (8 to 22°C) without any additives (control 1). Blood and milk samples from each ewe were collected biweekly throughout lactation. Results indicate that plasma total protein, total lipids and glucose, and milk production and composition were decreased (P<0.01) in summer compared with winter. addition of zado® increased plasma total protein, glucose, milk production, protein and lactose as compared with summer control (control 2). vitamin mixture increased (p<0.01) plasma total protein, milk production and milk protein, but had no effect on total lipids, glucose, milk fat and lactose. Combination of vitamin mixture with ZADO® addition increased the ability of lactating ewes to alleviate heat stress as evident by increased plasma parameters and milk production during the summer season.

Keywords: Enzymes, Ewes, Milk composition, Milk yield, Vitamins

*Corresponding author: asalem70@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

Ghosh, S., Ghosh, J., Pal, D.T. and Gupta, R. 2014. Current concepts of feed formulation for livestock using mathematical modeling. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 14: 205-223.
Feed cost is the single most factor which determine the profitability of animal farming. In an attempt to economizing the ration formulation several mathematical models have been used with varying success. Among all the methods linear programming (LP) is used effectively for least cost ration or economic concentrate mixture formulation for many years. Least cost ration formulation is criticized because it can not include nutrient variability and cost variability of feed ingredients in the model. The stochastic programming (SP) has been evolved to consider the nutrient variability of the feed stuff in the model for ration formulation. The SP is found more flexible, accurate, and precise in meeting the requested probability levels as compared to linear programming. Several other non-linear optimization programs are used subsequently to tackle the LP problems of feed formulation but could not replace LP as such. The current trend is to combine the advantage of LP and other optimization program to arrive at a possible and acceptable solution. The LP when combined with the advantage of other optimization programs would give a better solution than any other program used singly. The scope of LP, SP, GA (genetic algorithm) and GP (Goal programming) models are discussed and the advantages of combining LP and weighted (GP) is shown with a practical example which has greater prospects of field application.

Keywords: Animal ration formulation, Goal programming, Linear programming, Ration optimization programs, Stochastic programming.

*Corresponding author: shrabani.ghosh123@gmail.com