ABSTRACT

Lohakare, J.D., Singh, N.K., Nejad, J.G., Sung, K.I. and Ingale, S.L. 2013. Effects on growth performance, plasma variables and gene expression of hepatic gluconeogenic enzymes in holstein calves fed limited amount of concentrate. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 13: 1-13.
This study elucidated the effects of limited concentrate feeding on growth, plasma profile, and gene expression of gluconeogenic enzymes in the liver of dairy calves. The study utilized 12 Holstein male dairy calves (100 days of age) divided into two groups of 6 calves each for 155 days. Control (CON) group received 1.8 kg/calf/day of concentrate, whereas calves in the feed restricted (FR) group only received 1.0 kg/calf/day. Good quality forage (Timothy hay) was available ad libitum to both groups. Body weights (BW) were recorded at start and at fortnightly intervals. Blood samples were collected at start and thereafter at approximately 50 days interval. On days 100 and 155, liver biopsies were collected from all animals in each group. Results showed that the BW was not different between the groups at the end of the study, however, at 6, 7, 8 and 9 fortnights higher (P<0.05) bw were recorded in the con than the fr group. total bw gain in con and fr group was 114 kg and 98.2 kg, with adg of 736 g and 634 g in respective groups (p=0.051). the plasma variables were within normal range in both groups. the mrna expressions for the gluconeogenic enzymes, cytosolic phosphoenol pyruvate carboxykinase (ec 4.1.1.32) and pyruvate carboxylase (ec 6.4.1.1) measured by quantitative real-time pcr in liver biopsies showed no differences between groups. overall, restricting concentrate moderately reduced the growth intensity with-out affecting the normal plasma indices and gene expression indicating that restricting concentrate feeding scheme could be applied in dairy calves.

Keywords: Calf, Concentrate, Plasma, Growth, Gene expression, Gluconeogenic enzymes.

*Corresponding Author: jayant@kangwon.ac.kr

ABSTRACT

Kumar, L., Singh, P.K., Chandramoni and Kumar, M. 2013. Effect of dietary supplementation of combination of probiotics on the growth performance and immune response of broiler chickens. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 13: 15-25.
A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different probiotics i.e Lactiflora (Lactobacillus acidophilus), Provisacc (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on the growth performance, nutrient retention and immune responses of broiler chickens. Two hundred forty day-old broiler chicks (Vencobb) were randomly allotted to one of four treatments on the basis of body weight in a randomized complete block design. Each treatment had 60 chicks arranged in 3 replicates of 20 chicks each and reared for a period of 42 days. Dietary treatments were basal diet without any probiotics (control, T1 basal diet only), T2 (T1+Lactiflora @ 0.05%), T3 (T1 + Provisacc @ 0.05%) and T4 (T1 + Lactoiflora @ 0.05% + Provisacc @ 0.05%). Chicks were vaccinated with New Castle Disease Virus (NDV) and Infectious Bursal Disease Virus (IBDV) and antibody titer was determined to assess the humoral immune response. Blood parameters analysis and a metabolism trial of three days duration was conducted during 6th week of growing periods. Dietary supplementation of probiotics significantly (P<0.05) enhanced growth performance by improving body weight gain, performance index and protein efficiency ratio. growth performance and nutrient retention of lactiflora supplemented group (t2) was significantly (p<0.05) better then control (T1) and Provisacc supplemented group (T3) but comparable to combination group (T4). Broiler chickens fed diet supplemented with probiotics showed a significant decrease (P<0.05) in cholesterol concentration compared to control group. Supplementation of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae either alone or in combination improved the antibody titres to NDV and IBDV as compared to untreated control group for all period of observation. It was concluded that combined supplementation of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae supplementation at the rate of 0.05% each is beneficial in improving growth performance, nutrient utilization and immune response of broiler chicken.

Keywords: Probiotics, Growth, Nutrient utilization, Immunity, Broiler chickens.

*Corresponding author: vetpank@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Chaudhary, J.L. and Tiwari, G.S. 2013. Effect of feeding different levels of dietary energy on nutrient utilisation, draught performance and physiological reactions of camels. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 13: 27-34.
An experiment was conducted on nine draught camels (7–10 years aged and 580.44±0.12 kg BW) kept on sole roughage diet of dry gram straw (Cicer arietinum L.) along with various levels of energy in concentrate mixtures for 60 days. The camels were randomly divided in to three equal groups and allotted three dietary treatments having 65 (T1), 70 (T2) and 75 percent (T3) TDN in concentrate mixture. The camels were subjected to payload of 2.8 kg/kg BW (18% BW) on a two wheeled camel cart. The camels covered 25.5 km distance in 2.53±0.08 to 3.07±0.17 h at an average speed of 1.72±0.01 m/sec. in continuous work during summer season (April to June). The DM, DCP and TDN intake were observed significant different among the treatments. The water intake (litres) was significantly (P<0.05) higher in t3 followed by t2 and t1. the digestibility coefficient of dm, cp, cf and ee were significantly (p<0.05) higher in T3 group as compared to T2 and T1 groups. The respiration rate, pulse rate and rectal temperature were significantly higher in T1 followed by T2 and T3 groups, respectively. The draught performance of T3 group was significantly (P<0.05) higher as compared to T2 and T1 groups. Similarly, power generated by the camels was significantly higher in T3 (1.23 hp) followed by T2 (1.13 hp) and T1 (0.99 hp), respectively. Study suggested that by increasing the level of energy in the diet of draught camels, nutrient intake, digestibility and draught performance increases with normal physiological responses and camels can tolerate the work stress without any ill effect on their health.

Keywords: Camels, Draught, Energy, Gram straw, Nutrient utilization, Physiological responses.

*Corresponding author: chaudharyjl@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

Nayak, S., Baghel, R.P.S. and Nayak, A. 2013. Studies on the utilization of rock phosphate without and with aluminium as alternate to dicalcium phosphate in egg type starter chicken. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 13: 35-44.
In order to reduce the cost of mineral mixture in egg type starters, present study was planned to assess the utilization of rock phosphate (RP) without and with aluminium sulphate as an alternate to dicalcium phosphate (DCP) in their mineral mixture. Four hundred and five day-old White Leghorn chicks were randomly distributed to nine dietary treatments, each with three replicates of 15 chicks. Diet T1 served as control; in diets T2, T4, T6 and T8 DCP of the control ration was replaced with RP at 40, 60, 80 and 100% levels, respectively, whereas, diets T3, T5, T7 and T9 were the same as T2, T4, T6 and T8 except for the addition of aluminium (as sulphate) at a ratio of 0.8 Al:1.0 F. The experiment was conducted for 0-8 weeks. The overall performance of the chicks indicated that increase in RP instead of DCP reduced the weight gain of chicks which became significant (P<0.05) when rp was used above 40% level. use of higher levels of rp caused significant reduction in feed intake, feed efficiency ratio and performance index. similarly, dm utilization and nutrient retentions (cp, ee, cf, nfe, ca and p) were also maximum and significantly (p<0.05) higher in the birds fed the T2 (40% RP) diet. However, serum ALP, ALT and AST activities were normal in birds receiving up to 60% RP (T4) beyond which the values showed increases. Similarly, serum levels of Ca, P, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn were also not affected except at higher levels of RP wherein the values showed reducing trends. Serum F concentration was found to be directly related to the levels of RP used. Use of RP along with aluminium sulphate instead of DCP did not influence their weight gain, feed intake, FER and PI up to 60% level along with other measured parameters. The cost per kg weight gain increased due to use of higher levels of aluminium sulphate. Hence, it is concluded that RP could be used to replace DCP at 40% when used alone, and at 60% level when used along with aluminium sulphate in the mineral mixture of egg type starters. However, supplementation of aluminium sulphate to RP may not be an economical proposition.

Keywords: Dicalcium phosphate, Rock phosphate, Aluminium sulphate, Performance, Egg type starters.

*Corresponding author: sunilnayak91@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

Mohanty, S., Mishra, P., Dash, S.S., Samanta, M. and Meher, P.K. 2013. Cellulolytic activity in the digestive tract of grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 13: 45-56.
The present research was carried out to assess the cellulolytic activity in fish GI tract. Existing protocols for terrestrial animals were modified and standardized for the estimation of different active components of cellulase enzyme complex (endoglucanase, exoglucanase, and β-glucosidase) in Ctenopharyngodon idella (grass carp). The standardized protocols were applied to quantitate cellulase enzyme activity in different portions of intestine (anterior, middle and posterior), hepatopancreas and intestinal contents. In more than 60% of the samples maximum enzyme activity was found in the anterior intestine, followed by middle intestine and the lowest activity was detected in the posterior portion. Cellulase activity was found in 48 isolated bacteria from the grass carp intestine and intestinal content samples. The enzyme activity pattern from both the endogenous and exogenous source in the study, suggested that the cellulose digestion in grass carp might be carried out in an interesting way where the endoglucanase produced by the fish, first breaks down the complex structure, generating oligosaccharides of various lengths and consequently new chain ends which are later acted upon by the β-glucosidase produced from both bacterial and fish source and exoglucanase produced only from bacterial source.

Keywords: β-glucosidase, Carboxymethylcellulose, Ctenopharyngodon idella, Endoglucanase, Exoglucanase

*Corresponding author: m_sriprakash@yahoo.co.in

ABSTRACT

Elangovan, A.V., Gowda, N.K.S., Satyanarayana, M.L., Suganthi, R.U., Rao, S.B.N. and Sridhar, M. 2013. Jatropha (Jatropha curcas) seed cake as a feed ingredient in the rations of sheep. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 13: 57-67.A study was conducted to assess the detoxification of the commercially available jatropha cake and the feasibility of its use in the diet of lambs. The chemical processing of jatropha cake indicated 3% sodium hydroxide or sodium bicarbonate was effective in reducing the phorbol esters to the extent of 55% level and curcin completely. For experimental feeding, 36 Deccani lambs (BW 11.41±0.312 kg) of 46 months of age were randomly divided into six groups (six lambs in each group) and fed with three rations, viz., control (group 1, 2); raw jatropha cake (group 3, 4), and 3% sodium bicarbonate-treated jatropha cake (group 5, 6) both at 25% level in the concentrate mixture. The feeding of jatropha cake led to appearance of clinical signs, first observed on day 3 or 4, in terms of dullness, inappetence, diarrhoea, moaning and recumbency resulting in the mortality of lambs irrespective of treatment, and within 4-11 days of experimental feeding, there were eight mortalities. The blood biochemical parameters with respect to serum protein, alanine amino transferase, aspartate amino transferase and alkaline phosphatase were all significantly (P<0.01) affected due to the jatropha-diets. the gross pathological changes indicated hydro-pericardium and enlargement of heart, congestion in kidney with apparently normal liver in lambs died within 6d of feeding, whereas, liver was dark, congested in lambs which died after 10d of feeding. the feeding of jatropha cake was discontinued after 11d of experimental feeding; mortality was completely checked after 13d. the lambs gradually improved from the dullness and depression to normal activity in about one month post-recovery period and no further mortality was recorded. the results indicated that the jatropha cake feeding should be carried out only after ensuring its complete detoxification.

Keywords: Jatropha cake, Sheep, Toxicity, Detoxification, Growth.

*Corresponding author: avelango@yahoo.co.in

ABSTRACT

Ojha, B.K., Singh, P., Verma, A.K., Chaturvedi, V.B. and Kumar, A. 2013. Effect of feeding of deoiled mahua seed cake and guar meal on blood biochemicals, immune response and urinary purine derivatives in crossbred calves. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 13: 69-78.
An experiment was conducted to study the performance of male crossbred calves (average age 4.5 month; average weight 67.6 kg) were divided into three equal groups (T1,T2 and T3) following completely randomized design and fed concentrate mixture containing groundnut cake (T1) , while in T2 and T3, deoiled mahua seed cake (DMSC) and guar meal (GM) was included @10% in the concentrate mixtures, respectively. The intake and digestibility of nutrients was similar among three treatments. However, ADG and FCR was significantly (P<0.05) improved in t2 than that of t1 but it was comparable to t3. at the end of 120 days experimental feeding, the values of blood biochemical profile observed were within the normal physiological range in crossbred calves and did not differ significantly (p>0.05) among different dietary treatments. Similarly, excretion of urinary purine derivatives (allantoin, uric acid & creatinine) and humoral immune response were comparable among three groups irrespective of DMSC or GM supplementation. The results indicated that inclusion of deoiled mahua seed cake or guar meal at 10% level in the concentrate mixture of growing crossbred calves showed significant improvement in ADG and FCR but comparable digestibility of nutrients, blood biochemical profile and immune response.

Keywords: Calves, Deoiled mahua seed cake, Feeding, Guar meal, Performance

*Corresponding author: putan60@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Mondal, S., Haldar, S., Samanta, I., Samanta, G. and Ghosh, T.K. 2012. Exploring nutritive potential of undigested rumen contents as an ingredient in feeding of goats. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology,13: 79-88.
The present study was aimed at assessing the safety of dried rumen contents (DRC) for animal feeding. Dumped undigested rumen contents were collected on the day of slaughter (day 0) and subsequently on day 3 and 5 after the first dumping and were subjected to quantitative microbiological assessment. The total number of the aerobic and E. coli increased (P<0.001) up to day 3 post-dumping and declined thereafter. however, the counts for staphylococus aureus increased significantly (p<0.001) on day 5post-dumping, although within the limit specified by the WHO for animal feeds. The pathogenic potential of the rumen contents determined by various standard tests including PCR screening for Staphylococcalenterotoxin A production and animal inoculation tests, indicated that the isolates were non-pathogenic. Subsequently, the DRC was evaluated in using 15 Black Bengal goats divided into 3 groups and fed diets containing 0, 5 and 10% DRC replacing equavalent amount of wheat bran. Results of the feeding trial indicated that there is no adverse impact of DRC on the digestibility of nutrients, growth and feed efficiency. It is concluded that dried rumen content may be considered as absolutely safe for animal consumption and can be included in the diet of goats without any deleterious influence on the nutrient utilization.

Keywords: Goat, Feed safety, Nutient utilization, Undigested rumen contents, Quality assessment.

*Corresponding author: souvik823@yahoo.co.in

ABSTRACT

Wadhwa, M. and Bakshi, M.P.S. 2013. Comparative nutritional status of lactating dairy animals in rural dairy farm houses and peri-urban dairy complexes in Punjab state of India. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 13: 89-98.
The objective of this study was to compare the nutritional status of animals in rural dairy farm houses (RDFHs) and peri-urban dairy complexes (PUDCs) in Punjab State of India. The PUDCs had higher (P<0.01) number of adult cattle units (acus) as compared to rdfhs. buffaloes predominated in both types of dairies (78.95%). but the relative proportion of buffaloes was higher (p<0.05) in PUDCs as compared to RDFHs. The healthier animals (P<0.01) in PUDCs as compared to RDFHs (537.4 vs. 487.7 kg BW) had higher (P<0.01) milk yield (7.34 vs. 5.84 kg/animal/day) and milk urea nitrogen (MUN). However reverse trend was observed in the urinary excretion of purine derivatives (PDs). The animals in PUDCs were offered higher (P<0.01) proportion of concentrate in the diet as compared to those of RDFHs (29.34 vs. 19.61%), reverse but significant (P<0.01) trend was observed in roughage proportion. Within the roughage, green fodder constituted the bulk of DM and the relative proportion of green fodder and straw was 67.78 and 32.28%, respectively, but were statistically comparable in both the systems. The CP content in the complete feed was comparable, but the NDF and EE contents in the diet were higher (P<0.01) in RDFHs as compared to those of PUDCs. On an average the complete feed contained 10.51% CP, 65.98% NDF and 2.32% EE. The daily consumption of DM and CP was comparable, while that of EE was higher (P<0.05) in animal of RDFHs as compared to those of PUDCs. It was concluded that the animals in the PUDCs of Punjab state were fed higher proportion of concentrate mixture and were better off than the RDFHs but there is need to motivate the farmers to supplement the diet with mineral mixture and common salt in order to improve the productive and reproductive efficiency of the animals.

Keywords: Dairy animals, Milk urea nitrogen, Nutritional status, Peri-urban dairy complexes, Rural dairy farm houses.

*Corresponding author: bakshimps@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

Chaudhary, J.L. and Jat, H.R. 2013. Effect of feeding different levels of whole cottonseed (Gossypium spp.) on performance of lactating buffaloes. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 13: 99-107.
Eighteen lactating Surti buffaloes in early stage of lactation divided into 3 groups of 6 animals each on milk yield (6.75±0.27 kg) and body weight (475.83±15.30 kg), basis were fed on 3 levels of whole cottonseed in their rations (T1; 0, T2; 30 and T; 60 %). In all the experiment, animals were also fed 15 kg green lucerne and ad libitum sorghum stover. The DMI, DCPI and TDNI were significantly (P<0.05) higher in t3 than t2 and t1. the digestibility of om, cp, cf and ee was significantly (p<0.05) influenced by the levels of cottonseed in the ration. The total water intake was 66.55, 70.03 and 71.85 in T1, T2 and T3, respectively, which was significantly higher in T3 and T. The average 6% FCM yield (kg) was 9.21, 10.16 and 11.32 in T1, T2 and T3 groups, respectively. Significantly higher (P<0.05) milk yield was recorded in T3 than T2 and T1; however, T2 and T groups were comparable for milk yield. The DCP and TDN consumed per kg milk produced were not significantly affected by various levels of cottonseed in the ration. The same trend was observed in the case of net protein and net energetic efficiency among the three feeding regimes. The post-partum period and oestrus period was reduced significantly (P<0.05) in T 3 than T 2 and T1 but the difference for number of services per conception was comparable among the treatments. It can be concluded that by increasing the level of cottonseed in the diet, the performance of lactating buffaloes can be enhanced.

Keywords: Buffaloes, Cottonseed, Digestibility, Nutrient intake, Milk yield, Feed conversion efficacy, Reproductive efficiency.

*Corresponding author: chaudharyjl@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

Saijpaul, S., Grewal R.S., Lamba J.S. and Saini A.L. 2013. Evaluation of plastic and HDPE bags as alternatives to pit for silage preparation. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 13: 109-115.
This study investigated the quality of silage prepared in plastic or HDPE poly bags in comparison to silage prepared in pit. Chaffed oat fodder was compacted in translucent plastic bag (OSbT), HDPE plastic bag (OSbHDPE) or in the pit (OSp). After 45 days all the samples were found to be free from mold with comparable pH. The ammonia N (NH3-N) as % of total N was within the normal limits in OSbT and OSp but was more than 10% in OSbHDPE. The buffering capacity was similar in OSbT and OSbHDPE but was lower than OSp. Acetic acid was the predominant fatty acid with small amount of propionic acid but butyric acid was absent. The CP was higher in OSbT and OSbHDPE as compared to OSp. The water soluble carbohydrate was higher in OSbT but remained similar in OSbHDPE and OSp. The acid detergent insoluble N (ADIN) and ADIN as % of total N were comparable in all the silages. The truly digestible non-fiber carbohydrate (tdNFC) was lower in silage made in pit against silage made in polybags. The truly digestible CP forage (tdCPf) was higher in OSbT and OSbHDPE than OSp. The digestion kinetics of DM, OM and NDF indicated higher soluble fraction, lower degradable fraction in the polybag silages Text Box: T as compared to pit silage. Effective degradability of DM and NDF were similar in OSb and OSp but lower in OSbHDPE. It may be concluded that translucent plastic bags are better alternative to pit and HDPE plastic bag for making good quality silage.

Keywords: Silage quality, Polybag silage, Evaluation, Digestion kinetics.

*Corresponding author: saijpaul@rediffmail.com

ABSTRACT

Patil, R.J., Sirajudeen, M., Tyagi, J.S., Moudgal, R.P. and Mohan, J. 2013. In vivo efficacy of melatonin and L-tryptophan against aflatoxin induced endogenous toxicities in broiler chickens. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 13: 117-124.
The aim of the study was to compare protective effects of melatonin and its precursor (L- tryptophan) against peroxidative damages induced by dietary aflatoxin in broiler chickens. One-hundred eighty Naked neck chicks were distributed into six dietary treatments each with three replicates of 10 chicks and were reared from 0-6 weeks, and fed either a basal feed as untreated control or the same with aflatoxin at 0.5 mg/kg feed, melatonin at 20 mg/kg in feed + 20 mg/kg intra-peritoneally, L-tryptophan at 250 mg/kg in feed, combined treatment of aflatoxin and melatonin at above doses or combined treatment of aflatoxin and L-tryptophan at above doses. The diets were formulated to provide 23% CP and 2800 kcal ME/kg in starter ration and 20% and 2900 kcal ME/kg in finisher ration. The experimental diets were offered ad libitum to birds with free access to water during the experimental period. Inclusion of aflatoxin in the diet at 0.5 mg/kg caused significant reduction in activities of antioxidant enzymes studied and elevated lipid peroxidation in tissues. Supplementation of melatonin or L-tryptophan in the diet of toxin-fed birds restored the enzymatic activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase in liver and erythrocytes, besides reducing the levels of lipid peroxidation. This study shows that dietary supplementation of either melatonin or L-tryptophan attenuated the oxidative injuries induced by aflatoxin in young broiler chicken.

Keywords: Aflotoxin, Antioxidant enzymes, Chicken, Melatonin, Lipid peroxidation, L-Tryptophan.

*Corresponding author: jbstyagi@rediffmail.com

ABSTRACT

Gowda, N.K.S., Manegar, A., Raghavendra, A., Verma, S., Maya, G., Pal, D.T., Suresh, K.P. and Sampath, K.T. 2013. Effect of protected fat supplementation to high yielding dairy cows in field condition. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 13: 125-130.
Twelve numbers of high yielding crossbred (Holstein Frisian) dairy cows in their 2-5th lactation maintained by farmers were selected based on their previous lactation yield to study the effect of protected fat supplementation on milk yield, milk composition and reproductive efficiency. Soon after calving, the first group of cows were maintained on the existing feeding schedule practiced by the farmers (G I) and second group of cows were supplemented with protected fat (10g/lit milk) in addition to the existing feeding schedule for 195 days duration (G II). The protected fat contained 9-12% ether extract and 10-12% calcium. The average milk yield was significantly (P<0.01) higher with large effect size (av. 19.1 vs 17.8 lit /> cow / day) in cows supplemented with protected fat. The body weight loss was less in cows fed protected fat with a moderate effect size and the regain of body weight was much quicker as compared to cows maintained on existing farmer’s feeding schedule. The reproductive performance was also significantly (P<0.05) better with large effect size in cows fed protected fat. feeding of protected fat resulted in a net profit of rs.11.6 per cow per day due to higher milk production. it is concluded that protected fat supplementation to cows maintained on exiting feeding practices at field condition improved the milk production and reproductive efficiency in dairy cattle.

Keywords: Protected fat, High yielding cows, Milk yield, Reproductive performance.

*Corresponding author: nksgowda@rediffmail.com

ABSTRACT

Singh, S. and Singh, B.B. 2013. Effect of supplementation of tree leaves on rumen microbial population, enzyme activity and water kinetics in goats fed Cenchrus ciliaris grass hay. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 13: 131-138.
Present study evaluates the supplementary effect of tree leaves on rumen microbes, enzyme activities and liquid digesta kinetics in goats fed Cenchrus ciliaris (CC) grass based diets. Four adult male goats were fed CC-Leucaena leucocephala (CC-LL) and CC-Grewia optiva (CC-GO) diets in 2 separate feeding trials. Goats were offered grass (CC) and respective tree leaves in 50:50 for 90d on each diet. Rumen liquor samples were drawn at 0 and 4 h post-feeding at 60 and 90 days post-feeding to enumerate the rumen microbes and enzymes, while water kinetics were estimated at 90 days. The proteolytic bacteria were higher (P<0.05) on cc-go than cc-ll diet, while the other groups of bacteria, protozoa and fungi were comparable on both diets. the population of entodiniomorphs and holotrichs contributed 77.8 and 22.2% of the total protozoa on cc-ll and cc-go diet, respectively. occurrence (%) of isotricha and entodinium was highest, while occurrence of polyplastron and ophryoscolex genera was the least in rumen liquor of goats on both diets. mean cellulase activity of enzyme in rumen liquor was higher (p<0.05) on CC-LL than CC-GO diet. Rumen outflow rate was significantly (P<0.05) higher in goats on CC-LL than CC-GO diet. Results revealed that goats fed CC-LL diet had higher cellulase enzyme activity and rumen outflow rate than CC-GO diet.

Keywords: Cenchrus ciliaris, Leucaena leucocephala, Grewia optiva, Enzyme, Goats, Microbes, Sheep, Tree eaves, Water kinetics

*Corresponding author: singh.sultan@rediffmail.com

ABSTRACT

Saxena, P., Pathak, V. and Kumar, V. 2013. Algorithm for animal diet formulation. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 13: 139-146.
This paper proposes an algorithm based on Non-linear programming and statistical analysis for animal diet formulation. Most important feature of this technique is use of Non-linear programming which overcomes the drawback of linear approximation of objective function. Algorithm is proposed to explore the area of computer programming in the field of animal diet formulation. Outcome of this technique is applied on sample data and provides optimized set of nutrient ingredients to animal which fulfill the nutrient requirement better than the linear programming technique.

Keywords: Animal diet formulation, Non-linear programming, Algorithm, Computer programming.

*Corresponding author: mathematics.pratiksha@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Naik, P.K. 2013. Bypass fat in dairy ration-A review. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 13: 147-163.
Role of bypass fat in rations of the high producing dairy animals is very crucial for enhancing the energy density of the ration. Dietary fat, that resists lipolysis and biohydrogenation in rumen by rumen microorganisms, but gets digested in lower digestive tract, is known as bypass fat or rumen protected fat or inert fat. Among all forms of bypass fat, calcium salts of long chain fatty acids (Ca- LCFA) is relatively less degradable in rumen, has highest intestinal digestibility and serve as an additional source of calcium. A simple cost effective indigenous technology has been developed for the preparation of bypass fat (Ca-LCFA) using vegetable fatty acids. Ration of the high producing animals should contain 4-6% fat, which should include fat from natural feed, oil seed and bypass fat in equal proportions. Supplementation of bypass fat had no adverse effect on the rumen fermentation, feed intake, digestibility of nutrients and different blood parameters of the dairy animals. The milk yield is increased by 5.5-24.0% along with the improvement in post partum recovery of the body weight and body condition score and reproductive performance of the dairy animals. Feeding of the indigenously prepared bypass fat to lactating dairy animals has shown to give additional benefit of Rs. 12-40/- per animal per day. Further research is necessary to find out the supplemental effect of the bypass fat on dairy animals fed various types of basal rations at different productive levels and stages of lactation.

Keywords: Bypass, Cow, Dairy, Fat, Inert, Milk, Protected, Ration, Rumen.

*Corresponding author: pknaikicar@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Al-Asfoor, H., Schiborra, A., Sundrum, A. and Schlecht, E. 2013. Particulate rate of passage and faeces quality of water buffalo fed diets varying in concentrations of nitrogen and structural and non-structural carbohydrates. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 13: 165-180.
Effects of diet concentrations of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and soluble carbohydrates (SC) on digesta passage and faeces quality were studied in water buffalo. Rhodesgrass hay, soybean meal, wheat bran and maize were combined for a high C/N - high NDF/SC ratio (HH), low C/N - low NDF/SC ratio (LL), high C/N - low NDF/SC ratio (HL) and low C/N - high NDF/SC (LH) ratio. Diets were offered to four heifers each during 21 days adaptation and 7 days experimentation. When the experiment started animals received a pulse dose of ytterbium-marked fibre; particle passage was derived from a one-compartment age-dependent Gamma-2 model. Diet N concentration significantly affected faecal concentration of N (r= 0.82, P<0.001), ndf (r=0.50, p<0.05) and faecal NDF/N and C/N ratio (r≥ 0.83, P<0.001). Ruminal particle passage (λ) ranged from 0.033 h (LL), and was significantly related to the N (r=-0.84, P<0.001) and C (r=-0.57, P<0.05) concentration of the diet. Total tract retention time was shortest (P<0.001) for diet LL. The results indicate that differences in diet quality entail significant quality differences in buffalo dung that are not annihilated by the species’ very efficient digestion of fibrous feeds.

Key words: C/N ratio, Fibre, Rumen mean retention time, Soluble carbohydrates, Ytterbium.

*Corresponding Author: tropanimals@uni-kassel.de

ABSTRACT

Santra, A., Banerjee, A. and Das, S.K. 2013. Effect of vegetable oils on ciliate protozoa, methane yield, enzyme profile and rumen fermentation in vitro. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 13: 181-193.
An experiment was conducted to assess the effect of locally available vegetable oils on rumen fermentation characteristics, methanogenesis, enzyme profile and rumen protozoal population in in vitro studies. Four locally available vegetable oils viz., mustard oil, sunflower oil, sesame oil and rice bran oil were incubated at 39±0.5°C for 24 h at four levels viz., 0, 50, 100 and 200 µl in 100 ml glass syringes having 200±5 mg of substrate (paddy straw and concentrate mixture in 1:1 ratio) and 30 ml of incubation medium (mixed rumen microbial culture). Total rumen protozoa as well as isotrichidae and entodiniomorphid population and methane production decreased (P<0.01) due to sunflower oil in the medium. although, all the vegetable oils did not have any effect on total volatile fatty acid production, propionic acid and microbial biomass production increased (p<0.01) and ammonia nitrogen concentration decreased (P<0.01) due to inclusion of sunflower oil. Inclusion of sunflower oil also improved the activity of carboxymethyl cellulase. However, sunflower oil had no effect on dry matter degradability. Inclusion of sesame oil in the medium at higher dose (200 µl/30 ml incubation medium) decreased (P<0.01) total protozoal number and methanogenesis. Mustard and rice bran oils did not have any effect on ciliate protozoal population, ruminal methanogensis, activity of polysaccharide degrading enzymes, microbial biomass production, ammonia nitrogen concentration and dry matter degradability in vitro. It can be concluded that sunflower oil in mixed microbial culture reduced ciliate protozoal population, ruminal methanogenesis, ammonia nitrogen concentration and improved microbial biomass and propionic acid production.

Key words: Ciliate protozoa, Enzyme, Methane, Rumen fermentation, Vegetable oil.

*Corresponding author: santraashok@rediffmail.com

ABSTRACT

Gupta, P., Gupta, A. and Monica. 2013. Effect of fish and chicken viscera incorporated diets on growth, feed utilization and body composition of Asian catfish, Clarias batrachus fry. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 13: 195-203.
A feeding trial was conducted to study the effect of dried fish and chicken viscera, and a combination of plant protein incorporated diet as complete substitutes for fish meal in the diet of catfish Clarias batrachus (Linn.) fry. Four iso-nitrogenous (35% CP) experimental diets (D1, D2, D3 and D4 containing fish meal, dried fish viscera, dried chicken viscera and plant protein alone, respectively) were prepared using locally available ingredients. Triplicate groups of fry with a mean initial BW of 0.23±0.02 g were reared in plastic troughs (15 L capacity) in indoor rearing system and fed diets at 7% of wet BW for 30 days. A significant increase (P<0.05) in survival, bw gain, protein efficiency ratio and a decreased apparent feed conversion ratio (p<0.05) was observed in fish fed on fish meal (D1), followed by chicken viscera (D3), fish viscera (D2) and only plant protein (D4) incorporated diets. Although inferior to fish meal, growth and feed utilization responses of fry fed on dried fish and chicken viscera were similar and superior to plant protein diets. The fish accumulated a significantly greater (P<0.05) amount of lipid (4.26%) in the body carcass when fish viscera was incorporated in the diet (D2). The results of our study revealed that appreciable growth and feed utilization responses could be achieved through replacement of fish meal by dried fish and chicken viscera in the diet of catfish fry.

Key words: Body composition, Clarias batrachus, Fish and chicken viscera, Growth performance.

*Corresponding author: drakhilgupta@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

Ranjan, A., Sahoo, B., Singh, V.K. and Singh, S.P. 2013. Effect of rumen protected fat supplementation on nutrient utilization and production performance of lactating buffaloes. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 13: 205-214.
The study was conducted to assess the effect of dietary supplementation of rumen protected fat on nutrient utilization and productive performance of lactating Murrah buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis). Fifteen multiparous buffaloes (2-4 lactation) in early-mid lactation (avg. milk yield, 6.09±0.39 kg; BW, 558.58±16.88 kg) were divided in three homogenous groups T1 (control), T2 and T of five each. All the experimental animals were fed individually under conventional feeding system having basal diet containing concentrate mixture and roughage (40:60) for 90 days. Roughage consisted of green fodder (sorghum) and wheat straw at the ratio of about 70:30. The animals in group T23 and T were fed same ration as T but additionally supplemented with 0.7% (100 g/day) and 1.4% (200 g/day) protected fat (on DMI basis), respectively. A digestibility trial was conducted at the end of the lactation trial. Results indicated that the nutrient digestibilities were similar among different treatments. The feed intake and milk yield were not influenced (P>0.05) by supplemental protected fat. However, fat corrected milk (6.5% FCM) yield was higher (P<0.05) in t13 (14.98±1.20 kg) than that of t1 (8.72±1.49 kg) both, in turn, being similar to t (10.38±1.86 kg). there was no influence of the dietary treatments on the milk composition except for milk protein which was higher (p<0.05) in T23 than T. Feed efficiency (milk yield/kg DMI) was higher (P<0.05) in group T3 than that of T1 and T21. It was concluded that supplementation of 1.4% rumen protected fat (on DMI basis) with roughage based diet has beneficial effect on augmenting FCM yield, milk quality and feed efficiency in lactating Murrah buffaloes.

Key words: Rumen protected fat, Milk, Lactation, Buffaloes

*Corresponding author: sahoobiswanath11@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Majumdar, S., Mandal, A.B., Tyagi, P.K., Sahoo, A., Sastry, K.V.H., Dash, B.B., Meena, H.R. Sharma, A. 2013. Optimizing limiting amino acids profile of broiler chickens at high altitude of Kumaun region. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 13: 215-222.
An experiment was conducted during rainy season at high altitude of Kumaun region to optimize dietary needs of protein (limiting amino acid profile) employing 216 day-old broiler chickens (CARIBRO Dhanraja) divided into 12 groups of 18 each, reared on deep litter. Three experimental regimens with three levels of limiting amino acids (LAA; 115, 100 and 85% of NRC) were formulated at fixed energy level of 3000 kcal ME/kg. The protein levels were 21.9 and 20.2% (LAA 115), 19.2 and 17.6% (LAA) and 16.2 and 14.9 (LAA) during starting and finishing phases, respectively. Each diet was fed to 4 replicated groups. During different phases of growth, the gain in BW, feed intake and FCR improved (P<0.01) in diets having laa at 115 and 100% nrc levels than control diet. the birds fed laa or laa 115 85 had similar bw gain, feed intake and fcr. lower (p<0.01) BW gain and poorer feed conversion was observed in LAA The alkaline phosphatase, triglyceride, corticosteron and thyroxine did not differ except plasma calcium and triiodothyronine, which were higher (P<0.01) at high LAA 85.
The edible meat yield and eviscerated yields were significantly (P<0.01) lower in LAA group than LAA group. Therefore, the results indicated that a diet with limiting amino acid profile as suggested by NRC (1994) with 19.2 and 17.6% for starting and finishing period and 3000 kcal ME/kg for overall phase was suitable for broilers on high altitude of about 8000 ft.

Key words: High altitude, Broiler performance, Limiting amino acids, Protein.

*Corresponding author: samir_cariturk@yahoo.co.in

ABSTRACT

Mishra, A.S., Tripathi, M.K., Vaithiyanathan, S. and Jakhmola, R.C. 2013. Nutritional evaluation of fallen tree leaves as source of roughage in complete feed blocks for sheep. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 13: 223-234.
Present study evaluate the effect of fallen tree leaves (FTL) inclusion (100, 200 and 300 g/kg diet) in high roughage feed block on nutrient utilization, rumen fermentation and body condition score (BCS) of sheep to utilize forest wastes. Twenty-four Malpura rams were fed in four groups for 70 days, on one of the complete feed block (CFB) diet with roughage-to-concentrate ratio of 60:40. Pearl millet stover (PMS), a basal roughage in control diet (FTL-0) was replaced with dried FTL at 10 (FTL- 10), 20 (FTL-20) or 30 (FTL-30) parts in other three diets. The complete feed mixtures were compressed at 3000 psi for block preparation by a feed block-making machine. Dry matter intake (kg/100 kg BW) ranged between 2.8 (FTL-30) to 3.3 (FTL-10) and digestibility of DM was similar, while OM digestibility increased linearly (P<0.05). a quadratic (p=0.066) increase in cp digestibility was apparent due to ftl inclusion. microbial-n supply (g />day) was least (2.8) in sheep fed FTL-30 and ranged between 4.3 to 4.9 g/day in other three diets. Mean rumen fluid pH ranged between 6.55 to 6.75, ammonia-N and total-N (mg/dl) between 16.6-21.9 mg and 87.2-122.1 mg, respectively. FTL inclusion in CFB-diets increased ammonia-N and total-N but VFA concentrations did not change. Ciliate protozoa population increased linearly (P<0.05) with ftl inclusion levels. body weight and bcs was not different between ftl-0 and ftl-20 but ftl-30 fed animals lost 11% in bw, which resulted a decline (p<0.001) in net gain of BW and BCS after 70 days of feeding. FTL-30 diet increased (P<0.05) concentration of nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) in serum, show an energy deficit comparative to other diets. It is concluded that under feed scarcity periods, FTL can safely be used up to 20% level as a roughage component of CFB diets.

Key words: Fallen tree leaves, Complete feed block, Scarcity feeding; Sheep, Body condition score

*Corresponding author: mktripathi@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Singh, R., Mandal, A.B. and Shrivastav, A.K. 2013. Amelioration of aflatoxicosis in coloured broiler chickens by dietary butylated hydroxytoluene. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 13: 235-242.
The effect of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) on aflatoxicosis in coloured broiler chickens was investigated at two levels (1000 and 2000 ppm) in diet containing 1.0 ppm total aflatoxin (AF: 76.45% AFB 1, 10.52% AFB 2, 9.89% AFG1 and 3.14% AFG). A total of 144 day-old broiler chicks were divided into six treatment groups (T1 control, T2 1.0 ppm AF, T3 1000 ppm BHT, T4 2000 ppm BHT, T 1.0 ppm AF+1000 ppm BHT, and T 1.0 ppm AF+2000 ppm BHT). Each diet was fed to four replicated groups of 8 birds each from day 1 to 42 days of age. Significant (P<0.05) reduction in bw gain was recorded in t2, t5 and t6 as compared to control, and the depression in bw gain was evident from 2 week of age. there was significant (p<0.05) improvement of BW gain on supplementation of BHT in diet with AF. Feed consumption in T 2 was significantly (P<0.05) less compared to T, whereas it improved partially in T5 and T. Aflatoxin treatment also deteriorated the feed efficiency, however, significant (P<0.05) improvement in feed efficiency was observed in T6 and T. The serum protein concentration in T2 was the lowest as compared to other treatment groups. Cholesterol content in T was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of T and comparable to other dietary treatments. Uric acid content did not differ significantly (P<0.05) among various treatment groups. The BHT treatment significantly (P<0.05) improved the serum and cholesterol concentration over AF treatment. The aspartate and alanine- aminotransferase activities in T 1 were significantly (P<0.05) lower than that of T and remained almost comparable to T3, T4, T5 and T. The results showed that BHT inclusion in the diet at 1000 and 2000 ppm provided moderate protection against the adverse effects of aflatoxicosis in terms of investigated parameters.

Key words: Broiler, Aflatoxin, Butylated hydroxytoluene, Feed efficiency

*Corresponding author: carirsingh@yahoo.co.in

ABSTRACT

Kumari, N.N., Reddy, Y.R., Blummel, M., Nagalakshmi, D. and Monica, T. 2013. Effect of feeding sweet sorghum bagasse silage with or without chopping on nutrient utilization in Deccani sheep. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 13: 243-249.
The present study was carried out to explore the option to utilize the ensiled sweet sorghum bagasse (SSB), an agro-industrial byproduct of ethanol industry. The fresh material-whole (35-84 cm length) and chopped (1.5-2.0 cm) was ensiled without any addition of moisture or additives. Ensiling of SSB for 30d period resulted in good quality silage as assessed by the appearance and smell. Twelve Deccani male lambs of 10-12 months old, six in each group were randomly assigned to the two treatments, chopped SSB silage and unchopped SSB silage with supplementation of 150g concentrate mixture. The daily average DM consumption per 100 kg BW was 2.29 and 2.39 kg for the unchopped and chopped SSB silage based rations, respectively, varying non-significantly due to chopping. The DM and CF digestibility of unchopped SSB silage based ration was significantly (P<0.05) higher compared to chopped ssb silage based ration. there was no significant difference observed between the om, cp, ee, nfe and fibre digestibilities as well as n balance of two experimental rations. unchopped and chopped ssb silage based rations contained 10.68, 61.34 and 11.66, 59.55% dcp, tdn, respectively, with the corresponding me values of 9.28 and 9.01 mj />kg DM. The male lambs met the maintenance nutrient requirements (ICAR, 1998). The present study indicated that, the fresh SSB could be conserved as silage without any additives and fed to sheep with supplementation of concentrate as maintenance ration.

Key words: Chopping, Nutrient utilization, Sheep, Silage, Sweet sorghum bagasse.

*Corresponding author: nalini_reddy123@yahoo.co.in

ABSTRACT

Yildiz, C. 2013. The effect of varying mixing ratios and levels of compression on the fermentation quality and chemical composition of turf-type ryegrass and corn silage. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 13: 251-259.
The objective of this study was to determine the influence of mixing a turf-type ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and corn (Zea mays) forage and applying different levels of compression on silage quality and chemical composition. Treatments were arranged as 5×3 factorial following a completely randomized design of experiment. Factors include the different mixing ratios of the two silage materials viz. ryegrass and corn at 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, or 0:100, which were ensiled in quadruplicate in plastic drums (60L capacity) at varying compression levels (viz. 10, 20 or 30 bars). After 60 days of ensiling, nutrient composition and fermentation end products were evaluated. Regardless of compression level, silage from pure 100% ryegrass achieved the highest pH (4.90) and lowest concentration of lactic acid (0.64% DM). Mixing at least 25% corn with ryegrass lowered pH, increased lactic and acetic acid of the resulting silage than pure ryegrass alone. An intesraction effect between mixing ratio and compression levels was observed only for pH and DM. Increasing compression level consequently resulted to silage with lower pH especially as more corn was added to ryegrass. Our findings show that the addition of corn (minimum of 25%) in ryegrass produced silage with better quality than pure ryegrass, and that increasing the compression level packed more DM in the silo and enhanced fermentation through lowered pH.

Key words: Compression pressure, Corn, Mixing ratio, Ryegrass, Silage.

*Corresponding author: cyildiz@atauni.edu.tr

ABSTRACT

Roul, G., Panda, N., Mishra, P.K., Mishra, R., Behera, P.C. and Panigrahi, B. 2013. Effect of pro and pre-biotic supplementation on growth and immune status of broilers during summer. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 13: 261-270.
The influence of probiotics and/or prebiotics supplementation on growth and immunity of coloured broiler chicks during summer was studied. Day-old coloured broiler chicks (180) were randomly distributed into four groups with three replicates having 15 chicks in each. The four treatments were T-control group fed with basal diet; T2 - basal diet+probiotic @ 10 g/q feed; T-basal diet + prebiotic MOS, @4000 ppm and T4- basal diet+ probiotic @ 10 g/q and prebiotic @ 4000 ppm. The supplementation was continued from 0-56 days of age during natural peak summer period. The birds were vaccinated with NDV (LaSota) on 7th and 21 day and immunity status was studied. Feeding probiotics alone improved final body weight, increased HI titre, total viable count (TVC) in different parts of gut. Feeding prebiotics does not show any significant effect on growth. However supplementation of pro and prebiotics in combination improved body weight, FCR, HI titre, TVC and lowered the cost of production. It is concluded that the feeding of both probiotics and prebiotics in combination during summer improved the growth and immune status of the broiler birds.

Key words: Probiotics, Prebiotics, Broiler, Growth, immunity, Summer.

*Corresponding author: npandaouat@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Kumar, A., Kamra, D.N., Agarwal, N., Rikhari, K. and Chaudhary, L.C. 2013. Phenotypic and phylogenetic characterization of cellulose degrading bacteria isolated from rumen of buffalo. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 13: 271-279.
Use of probiotic as rumen modifier to improve fibre digestibility need an elite microbe with high enzyme profile. To obtain a microbe with high fibre degrading ability, ten cellulose degrading bacteria were isolated and screened for avicelase activity and six were selected for further characterization. The avicelase activity ranged from a minimum of 3.01 units/ml in FDBB7 to a maximum 10.81 U/ml in FDBB5. All the isolates were Gram negative, non motile, strict anaerobes, positive for gas production and gelatine liquefaction and negative for catalase activity. Most of the isolates were able to utilize majority of the sugars/carbohydrates tested except arabinose and glycerol which were poorly utilized. The metabolites produced due to fermentation by the isolates were ammonia nitrogen, lactic acid and volatile fatty acids. The biochemical profile of the isolates was similar to Ruminococcus flavefaciens which was also confirmed by phylogenetic analysis of the isolates. The data indicate that the isolates with high fibre degrading activity can be explored to be used as probiotic to improve fibre digestibility in ruminants.

Key words: Cellulose-degrading bacteria, Buffalo, Ruminococcus flavefaciens.

*Corresponding author: dnkamra@rediffmail.com

ABSTRACT

Santra, A., Konar, S., Banerjee, A. and Das, S.K. 2013. Effect of betel (Piper betle) leaves supplementation on nutrient utilization, milk yield and its quality in lactating crossbred cows. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 13: 281-290.
The study was conducted to assess the effect of supplementation of Piper betle on rumen ciliate protozoal population, enzyme profile, nutrient utilization and milk yield in lactating crossbred cows. Twelve lactating crossbred cows with an average milk yield of 5.4±0.78 kg/d were divided into two equal groups (G1 and G2) and fed individually under stall feeding for 90d on a mixed ration containing green fodder (maize) and concentrate mixture. Cows of G1 group were supplemented with 100 g Piper betle leaf powder/animal/day along with concentrate mixture. No significant differences were noticed between the two groups for daily dry matter intake, nutrient digestibility and plane of nutrition. However, rumen protozoal population decreased (P<0.01) about 51% due to supplementation of piper betle leafs. daily milk yield and milk composition were not influenced by the dietary treatment. gross efficiency as well as net efficiency of dietary nitrogen utilization for milk production was improved due to supplementation of piper betle leafs. the results indicated that dietary supplementation of piper betle leafs was beneficial in terms of to reduce rumen ciliate protozoal population and to improve dietary nitrogen utilization for milk production, but it did not alter feed digestion and milk production in diary cows.

Key words: Rumen protozoa, Milk production, Nutrient digestibility, Piper betle leaf, Dairy cows.

*Corresponding author: santraashok@rediffmail.com

ABSTRACT

Kumar, S., Verma, A.K., Agarwal, N., Singh, P. and Mondal, S.K. 2013. Effect of saccharomyces cerevisiae on growth, nutrient digestibility, faecal quality and intestinal morphology in early-weaned crossbred piglets. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 13: 291-302.
A study of 120 days was conducted to assess the effect of feeding Saccharomyces cerevisiae on performance of early-weaned crossbred (Landrace × Desi) piglets, assigned to four different groups (T, T2, T and T3 and T2), twelve piglets in each group following completely randomized design. Piglets under T were weaned at 28d of age while those under T3 and T4 were weaned at 42d of age. The T and T 3 piglets were fed the basal diet without S. cerevisiae, whereas, piglets in T 2 and T groups were supplemented with S. cerevisiae (200 g maize fermented with S. cerevisiae /d/piglets on fresh basis containing 2-3x10 6 cfu/g). The ADG was higher (P<0.05) in t4, lower in t and comparable between t2 and t3. there was no difference in digestibility of dm, om, adf, hemicellulose and total carbohydrates among the four groups, except for cp digestibility. the digestibility of ndf and ee were significantly (p<0.05) higher in T4 than T 3. Values of FCR were higher (P<0.05) in T1, lower in T and comparable between T 2and T 3. Faecal yeast count was higher (P<0.05) in T 2 and T as compared to non-supplemented groups T 1 and T3, however, coliform count was lower (P<0.05) in T 4 and T as compared to non supplemented groups. The villus height and villus height: crypt depth ratio was increased (P<0.05) in T2 and T 4 groups. It is concluded that the stress and constraints of the early weaning may be ameliorated by the supplementation of live S. cerevisiae and performance of piglets may be enhanced.

Keywords: Early-weaned, Intestinal morphology, Performance, Piglets, Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

*Corresponding author: arensachin@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Takagi, M., Shiga, S., Uno, S., Kokushi, E., Otoi, T., Tshering, C., Deguchi, E. and Fink-Gremmels, J. 2013. Periodic alteration in urinary zearalenone excretion in a dairy cattle herd. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 13: 303-310.
To study on the monthly variations of zearalenone (ZEN) concentration of dairy cattle reared in standard farm conditions (herd size=20 cows), randomly collected samples of urine (5-7 cows) and their total mixed ration (TMR) collected at monthly intervals were measured for ZEN concentration by ELISA. In addition, somatic cell count (SCC) of individual cow obtained from their monthly milking record was included for the analysis to illustrate its relationship, if any, with urinary ZEN concentration. A significant difference (P<0.05) was observed between the urinary zen concentrations of december and april, and december and july; however no significant correlation was observed with respect to zen concentration of tmr. further, there no significant correlation was observed between the urinary zen concentration and the scc. in conclusion, our results highlight not only the monthly (seasonally) variation existing under the standard dairy farming condition, but also the usefulness of urinary zen monitoring method as a tool to assess and evaluate the natural mycotoxin contamination in dairy farms.

Keywords: Cattle, Periodic variation, Urine, Zearalenone.

mtakagi@agri.kagoshima-u.ac.jp

ABSTRACT

Barman, K., Tamuli, M.K., Das, Anubrata and Das, H.K. 2013. Effect of replacement of concentrate with aerial part of colocasia (Colocasia esculenta) on growth and nutrient utilization in crossbred grower pig. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 13: 311-315.
Eighteen crossbred (Hampshire x Ghungroo) grower pig (about 2 months old, 6.3±0.04 kg BW) of either sex were divided into three groups of six each in a randomized block design. The pigs were fed as per Bureau of Indian Standard. Colocasia esculenta (aerial part; 11.53±0.15% CP) was used @ 0, 10 and 20% by replacing the whole concentrate in T1, T2 and T groups, respectively. The crude protein content (% DM) of the composite ration ranged from 17.75±0.01 to 18.00±0.03. The average DM intake (g/d) was similar (P>0.05) in all the groups. Digestibility coefficients of DM, OM, CF, EE and NFE were similar (P>0.05) across all groups, while that of CP increased (P<0.05) significantly with increased level of aerial part of colocasia esculenta in the ration. the average daily gain in bw was 196.23±42.44, 201.30±32.09 and 188.18±30.08 in t1, t2 and t groups, respectively, which was similar (p>0.05) across all groups. The feed conversion ratio and cost of production per kg live weight was similar in all the groups. It is concluded that whole concentrate can be replaced by 10% with aerial part of Colocasia esculenta without affecting the growth, nutrient utilization, feed conversion efficiency and production cost in grower crossbred pigs.

Keywords: Concentrate, Replacement, Colocasia, Growth, Nutrient utilization, Pig.

*Corresponding author: barman74@rediffmail.com

ABSTRACT

Tripathi, H. and Maurya, R.K. 2013. Alternate feed and fodder management practices followed by dairy farmers in drought-prone areas of Bundelkhand region of Uttar Pradesh. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 13: 317-322.
The present study was conducted in two drought prone districts viz Hamirpur and Jalaun from Bundelkhand region of Uttar Pradesh following ex-post facto research design with the objective to document the alternate feed and fodder management practices followed by dairy farmers. Data were collected from 240 dairy farmers through an interview schedule. The study revealed that 100% respondents offered dry fodder during drought period and mixed fodder during normal period. Concentrate was provided only to lactating animals by 68% during drought vs. 90% respondents during normal period. Majority of the farmers were feeding neither salt nor mineral mixture. None of the respondents had ever used any kind of supplemental feed in any period. Most commonly used alternate feed resource was dried fodder, strover (hay), tree leaves and shrub, reportedly used by 68% of the respondents; 50% of the respondents also used wild grasses as feed resources. All of the respondents depended on grazing to meet the feed requirement of their animals. None of the respondents was storing the feed resources as silage for lean period as they had no knowledge about it. It is concluded that the farmers may be educated and motivated through demonstration, gosthies etc. to adapt technological packages of alternate feed and fodder as per district contingent plan to minimize the detrimental losess on dairy production system.

Keywords: Feed and fodder, Management practices, Drought, Dairy animals.

*Corresponding author: hematripathi1@yahoo.co.in

ABSTRACT

Panda, A.K., Bhanja, S.K. and Shyam Sunder, G. 2013. Early post hatch nutrition on growth and development in commercial broiler chickens–A review. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 13: 323-333.
In the commercial hatchery, chicks hatch over a period of 24-48 h. The chicks are removed from the incubator after majority of the chicks are cleared from the shell. Then the chicks have to undergo hatchery practices like sexing, vaccination, packaging and transport before they are placed in the farm. Thus, under practical conditions chicks are deprived of feed and water for about 48-72 after hatching. In the newly hatched chicks, residual yolk serves as a source of nutrient till access to exogenous source of feed. However, it is reported that residual yolk may be sufficient to keep the birds alive for the first 3 to 4 days, but does not support the bird’s genetic potential for body weight gain, development of gastrointestinal tract or immune system. Delaying access to feed and water mobilizes body reserves to support metabolism and thermal regulation in the neonate chicks, which resulted in retardation of body weight and impairment of overall performance. Approximately 2 to 5% of the hatchlings do not survive the critical post hatch adjustment period and many survivors show stunted growth and poor feed utilization, reduced immunity and low meat yield. However, all these above limitations can be alleviated by bridging the gap between hatch and first feeding, thereby early provision of nutrients to the chicks. The effect of early post hatch nutrition on yolk sac utilization, gastro-intestinal tract development, growth performance and meat yield in broiler chickens is reviewed hereunder.

Keywords: Early nutrition, Yolk sac utilization, Growth and development, Broiler chickens.

*Corresponding author: akpanda59@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

The use of exogenous enzymes in animal nutrition dates back to the mid-1920s, however, nowadays the development of interdisciplinary sciences exploiting molecular methods create new opportunities and deliver new tools to assess effectiveness of their utilization. The proper use of enzymes in animal nutrition allows to obtain maximum benefit from their action not only for the animals, but also for the environment. The strategies of exogenous enzymes utilization in nutrition of high yielding non-ruminant and ruminant animals are intended to be published in this special issue. Effectiveness of enzymes in animal nutrition depends on (i) type, (ii) source, (iii) level of supplemented enzymes, as well as (iv) the type of diet fed, (v) animal health and (vi) animal productivity. Hence, research focused on the effect of phytase and non-phytase enzyme segments, enzymes combinations, including enzymes produced by genetically modified bacteria, protozoa and fungi, on enteric fermentation, animal health and productivity are desirable. The current special issue covered the highlighted topics: mode of action of particular enzymes and their combinations, occurrences of synergism and antagonism reactions in relation to enzymes themselves and to dietary ingredients; the impact of enzymes on nutrient utilization including basic nutrients components, anti-nutritional factors, minerals and, consequently, enteric microbial populations, nutrients digestibility, growth performance; the optimum enzymes dosages as dietary supplements; optimalization of enzyme activity to make enzymes activity more effective from economic and ecological points of view; alternative use of enzymes in mixtures of other feed additives e.g. organic acids; methods of enzymes application.
The review process for this issue tended to focus on one of the topics mentioned in the objectives above, but all have in common the use of exogenous enzymes and their impacts on rumen fermentation and/or animal welfare and/or animal performance and health as well as performance of non ruminant animals. Guest Editors of the special issue (i.e., Dr.’s A.Z.M. Salem, and Nicholas Odongo) were contacted and invited many potential authors directly. All abstracts received (46 abstracts) were assessed and were invited to submit full papers, while 24 full papers were only accepted after deep revision by two or more experts. All papers were reviewed by at least two primary reviewers chosen for their expertise in animal nutrition, especially in use of exogenous enzymes and probiotics in ruminants and non ruminant animals. Each one of the Guest Editors has handled some manuscripts and given the final decision with help from the reviewer’s comments and evaluations. All papers were improved as a result of the reviewers’ comments, indeed some were very extensively revised, and some were rejected.
Finally, the editors are very grateful for the time and commitment given by all the reviewers involved in the evaluation of the manuscripts submitted, and would like to acknowledge the excellent review efforts of: M.A. Cerrillo-Soto, Adibe L. Abdalla, Z.L. Tan, P. Micek, A. Cieslak, T. Szwaczkowski, J. Dach, S. Świątkiewicz, D. Józefiak, J. Skomiał, J. Mazurkiewicz, G. Paci, P. Huhtanen, D.F. Cardia, Z.M. Kowalski, S.S. Paul, N.P. Guerra, C. O'Shea, , S. Nowicki , A.S. Moura, J. Xin Liu, T. Seresinhe, D. Colombatto, H. Abubeker, J. Simbaya, H. Ben Salem, J. Rekhis, T. Norovsambuu, M. J. Ranilla, A. Abdalla, M. González-Ronquillo, M.D. Carro, M. Mellado, G.D. Mendoza, M. Cobos Peralta, M.S. Awawdeh, P.A. Hernández García, Z. Durmic, I.A. Domínguez-Vara, F. Klevenhusen, A.K. Patra, A. Kholif, A.M. Kholif, S. Gonzalez-Muñoz, Y. Rouzbehan. If any reviewer was missed, please accept our most sincere apologies. Guest editors would like to acknowledge the technical and facilitations supports of IAEA/FAO, Vienna (Austria), to prepare this special issue.

*Corresponding Author: salem@uaemex.mx

ABSTRACT

Dean, D.B., Staples, C.R., Littell, R.C., Kim, S.C. and Adesogan, A.T. 2013. Effect of method of adding a fibrolytic enzyme to dairy cow diets on feed intake digestibility, milk production, ruminal fermentation, and blood metabolites. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 13: 337 353.
This study investigated the effect of the method of applying a fibrolytic enzyme (Promote®; Cargill; Minnetonka, MN) on the performance of lactating dairy cows. A diet consisting of Tifton 85 bermudagrass silage, corn silage, and concentrate (35, 10 and 55% of dietary DM respectively) was fed ad libitum as a total mixed ration (TMR) twice daily. Cows were assigned randomly to the following five treatments: 1) control (no enzyme added), enzyme applied 2) at ensiling to bermudagrass (ES), 3) at mixing to the concentrate (EC), 4) at feeding to the TMR (ETMR), or 5) the bermudagrass silage (EF). In Experiment 1, thirty Holstein cows (129 days in milk, DIM) were used in a completely randomized, cross-over design consisting of two 28-d periods, with 14 d for adaptation and 14 d for sample collection. Voluntary DMI, total tract apparent digestibility of DM, NDF and CP, milk production and component yields were not affected by enzyme supplementation. Cows fed ETMR had lower blood β-hydroxybutyrate concentration, tended to have greater milk fat and protein concentrations and lower blood urea-N concentration than cows fed the control diet. In Experiment 2, five ruminally-cannulated cows were fed the same five diets for three consecutive 15-d periods to measure rumen fermentation (d 12) and in situ degradation (d 14 and 15). Compared to cows fed the control diet, ruminal pH tended to be lower in cows fed EC and ruminal NH 3-N concentration was lower in cows fed the ETMR diet. The molar proportion of acetic acid was lower in cows fed ETMR and EF diets vs. the control diet. Total volatile fatty acid concentration and acetate: propionate ratio were lower in cows fed ETMR vs the control diet. Enzyme application did not affect in situ degradability except that the ES diet tended to degrade at a faster rate than the control diet. Enzyme application to the TMR gave the most desirable responses (tended to increase milk fat and protein concentrations and improved the efficiency of ruminal energy utilization and decreased ruminal protein degradation). However, enzyme addition did not affect intake, digestibility or milk yield

Key words: Bermudagrass, Dairy cows, Fibrolytic enzyme, Silage.

*Corresponding author: adesogan@ufl.edu

ABSTRACT

Lara Bueno, A., Mendoza Martínez, G.D., Hernández García, P.A., Martínez García, J.A. and Plata Pérez, F.X. 2013. Evaluation of high doses of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes in lambs fed an oat straw based ration. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 13: 355-362.
High doses of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes (EFE) were evaluated for their effects on lamb performance and in situ digestibility using a ration with 60% oat straw. Twenty-four lambs were used (25.6±3.05 kg initial weight) and distributed in a completely randomized design with three treatments that consisted of doses of 0, 5 or 10 g of EFE kg-1 DM oat straw. Intake decreased linearly (P<0.04) with increasing doses of efe, without changing the weight gain, feed conversion, digestibility and ruminal fermentation variables. the results indicate that using high doses of efe in oat straw based diets did not improve the growth performance and nutrient digestibility in finishing lambs.

Key words: Digestibility, Fibrolytic enzymes, Growth performance, Sheep.

*Corresponding author: pedro_abel@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

Arce-Cervantes, O., Mendoza, G.D., Hernández, P.A., Meneses, M, Torres-Salado, N. and Loera, O. 2013. The effects of a lignocellulolytic extract of Fomes sp. EUM1 on the intake, digestibility, feed efficiency and growth of lambs. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 13: 363-372.
The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of a lignocellulolytic extract (LE), extracted from the thermotolerant basidiomycete Fomes sp. EUM1, on the intake, digestibility, feed efficiency, growth and productive performance of lambs. The xylanase and cellulase enzyme activities of the LE were 169 IU g-1 and 50 IU g-1 , respectively. Eighteen Suffolk crossed lambs (20±0.5 kg body weight) were used for the experiment (58 days). A completely randomized experimental design was used with the following treatments: 0, 60 and 120 mL of LE sprayed per kg of forage 24 h before feeding. Average daily gain and digestibility were improved (P<0.05) with le supplementation (60 and />or 120 mL). The proportion of butyric acid was reduced with the use of 60 mL of LE (P<0.05). the cellulase activity in the rumen fluid increased linearly (p<0.05) with increasing LE doses. The LE from Fomes sp. EUM1 improved the cellulolytic activity in the rumen fluid, thereby increasing the digestibility and body weight gain in lambs.

Key words: Digestibility, Exogenous enzymes, Fomes sp, Lambs.

*Corresponding author: gmendoza@correo.xoc.uam.mx

ABSTRACT

Cayetano, J.A., Salem, A.Z.M., Mariezcurrena, B.M.A., Rojo, R., Cerrillo-Soto, M.A., Gado, H. and Camacho, L.M. 2013. Effect of adding Salix babylonica extracts and exogenous enzymes to basal diets on the meat quality of growing Suffolk lambs. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 13: 373-380.
It was evaluated the effect of adding Salix babylonica L. extracts and exogenous enzymes in combination or individually on meat quality in growing Suffolk lambs. Animals were divided into 4 groups of 4 animals each in a completely randomized design (CRD). Treatments were: (i) Control: basal diet of concentrate (30%) mixture and corn silage roughage (70%); (ii) EZE (exogenous enzymes): basal diet plus 10 g of enzyme (Zado®); (iii) SB (Salix babylonica): basal diet plus 30 ml of S babylonica extracts, and (iv) EZESB (exogenous enzymes + Salix babylonica): basal diet plus 10 g enzyme and 30 ml of S. Babylonica extracts. Lambs were housed in individual cages for 60 days. Extracts were dosed orally while EZE was mixed with concentrate. At the end of the trial, lambs were slaughtered and Longissimus dorsi samples were analysed. Samples were analysed for CP, CF, ash and DM. Meat quality parameters included color, pH, carcass temperature and kidney fat. No significant differences for live weight, chemical composition, as well as hot carcass weight and cold, initial and final temperature and kidney fat. Meat lightness (variable L*) and pHf were improved (P<0.05) with ezesb treatment compared to the other three treatments, and the most optimal phf four treatments being the most acidic. lambs fed sb or eze were not different from the control. in conclusion, a combined administration of ezesb to the basal diet improves meat quality by reducing the ph and increasing its lightness when compared to either eze or sb, individually.

Key words: Exogenous enzymes, Lambs, Meat quality characteristics, Salix babylonica extracts

*Corresponding author: asalem70@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

Torres, N., Mendoza, G.D., Bárcena, R., Loera, O., González, S., Aranda, E., Hernández, P.A. and Crosby, M. 2013. Effects of various fibrolytic enzyme extracts on digestibility and productive performance of lambs fed a forage-based diet. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 13: 381-389.
Three fibrolytic enzyme extracts were evaluated for their effects on lamb growth and feed digestibility, using diets containing 60% forage. Twenty Pelibuey lambs (26.14 kg average initial weight) were randomly assigned to a control or to one of three enzyme treatments. Enzymes were added to feed as follows: Control (0 mL kg-1 DM), Trichoderma longibrachiatum commercial extract (3.5 mL kg-1 DM), Fomes fomentarius extract (21.1 mL kg-1 DM) and Cellulomonas flavigena extract (2.47 mL kg-1 DM). There were no effects of fibrolytic enzyme extracts on the final weight of lambs or on dry matter intake, but daily weight gain and feed efficiency were negatively affected (P<0.05) by cellulomonas flavigena extract. the addition of enzyme extracts increased (p<0.05) the percentage of butyrate in rumen fluid. The DM digestibility was negatively affected by C. flavigena extract. There were no beneficial effects of fibrolytic enzyme extracts on feed digestibility or productive performance of lambs.

Key words: Cellulomonas flavigena, Digestibility, Fibrolytic enzymes, Fomes fomentarius, Trichoderma longibrachiatum.

*Corresponding author: gmendoza@correo.xoc.uam.mx

ABSTRACT

Mendoza, G.D., Mota, N., Plata, F.X., Martinez, J.A. and Hernández, P.A. 2013. Effects of exogenous glucoamylase from Aspergillus niger and grain level on performance of the lambs. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 13: 391-398.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the addition of glucoamylase and the reduction of the level of sorghum grain in a finishing diet on lamb performance (45 days) and on diet digestibility. The treatments evaluated were the following: a diet composed of 64% corn and sorghum grain mixture (64CSMG), a diet composed of 45% corn and sorghum grain mixture (45CSMG) and a diet composed of 45% corn and sorghum grain mixture plus added glucoamylase (1.5 ml of the enzyme protein/kg DM of grain; 45CSMG+E). In vivo DM digestibility showed differences (P<0.05) between treatments; the highest values were for the 64% grain diet (748 g />kg) and the 45% grain with enzyme diet (694 g/kg), and the lowest value was for the 45% grain without enzyme diet (740 g/kg). There were no differences (P> 0.05) in dry matter intake, average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion even when the digestibility of the 45% grain ration with glucoamylase was improved.

Key words: Aspergillus niger, Exogenous enzymes, Glucoamylase, Grain, Lambs’ performance.

*Corresponding author: ppfx2221@correo.xoc.uam.mx

ABSTRACT

Ortiz-Rodea, A., Noriega-Carrillo, A., Salem, A.Z.M., Castelan Ortega O. and González-Ronquillo, M. 2013. The use of exogenous enzymes in dairy cattle on milk production and their chemical composition: a meta-analysis. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 13: 399-409.
We performed a meta-analysis to evaluate the effect of the addition of exogenous enzymes in ruminant feeding on milk production and chemical composition. We analysed the observations of 29 experiments, which included 52 treatments, 9 enzymes, and 1187 animals; with this information, we arranged a comprehensive database. The dose and study were used as experimental approaches. We observed that the addition of enzyme has no effect on the increment in milk yield production (P=0.16), fat content (P=0.88), lactose (P=0.39) or protein (P=0.95). The study showed that the variable milk yield is not a good parameter for determining with respect to the administration of exogenous enzymes (R2=0.001). As a conclusion, it is necessary to reconsider the use of exogenous enzymes in domestic ruminants when the focus is to improve milk production and their chemical composition.

Key words: Enzymes, Meta-analysis, Milk yield, Ruminants

*Corresponding author: mrg@uaemex.mx

ABSTRACT

Rivero, N., Salem, A.Z.M., Ronquillo, M.G., Cerrillo-Soto, M.A., Camacho, L.M., Gado, H. and Peñuelas, C.G. 2013. Effects of exogenous enzymes and Salix babylonica L. extract on cellular immune response and its correlation with average daily weight gain in growing lambs. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 13: 411-422.
The aim of this study was to determine the effects of exogenous enzyme (EZ) and Salix babylonica L. (SB) extract on cellular immune response, and its correlation with average daily weight gain (ADG). Twenty Suffolk lambs, 6-8 months of age and average live weight of 24±0.3 kg, were used in a trial which lasted 60 days. The lambs were distributed into 4 groups of 5 lambs each and housed in individual 1.5x1.5 m cages in a completely randomized design. The treatments were: (i) Control; lambs consuming basal diet (BD) only; (ii) EZ; lambs consuming BD plus 10g of EZ (ZADO®); (iii) SB; lambs consuming BD plus 30 mL of SB, and (iv) EZSB; lambs consuming BD plus 10g EZ and 30 mL of SB. Blood samples were collected on days 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 and analysed for helper T lymphocytes, cytotoxic T limphocytes, granulocytes and monocytes by flow cytometry. Treatments had no effect on parameters measured, but day of sampling had linear and cubic effects on helper T lymphocytes, granulocytes and monocytes (P<0.01) and cubic effects on cytotoxic t lymphocytes (p<0.01). The results suggest that EZ and SB have immunosuppressant effects in the first 15 days, after this effect were immunosuppressive on cytotoxic T lymphocytes and granulocytes, for monocytes the effect was immunostimulant. No there were correlation between ADG and cellular immune response in this experiment.

Key words: Exogenous enzyme, Salix babylonica L. extract, Immune response, Performance, Lambs.

*Corresponding author: asalem70@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

El-Adawy, M.M., Abou-Zeid, A.E., Camacho, L.M., Salem, A.Z.M., Cerrillo-Soto, M.A. and El-Rayes, T. 2013. Influence of jojoba meal treated with L. acidophilus on digestibility, carcass traits and blood metabolites in growing rabbits. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 13: 423-434.
The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of substitution of soybean meal protein by L. acidophilus treated jojoba meal (JM) protein in rabbit’s diets on digestibility of nutrients, N balance, caecotrophy, some blood metabolites and carcass traits. Thirty two 5-weeks-old rabbits were divided into four equal experimental groups, 8 rabbits of each in a complete random design. Soybean meal protein was partially replaced by treated JM protein at 0, 10, 20 and 30% to formulate the experimental diets. Feeding treated JM increased (P<0.05) of all nutrient digestibility except ether extract, accordingly nutritive values expressed as total digestible nutrients and digestible crude protein were improved (p<0.01) for diet contained 30% treated JM protein. N balance (g/day) was increased (P<0.05) in rabbits fed diet with 30% treated JM protein versus control. Incorporation of treated JM at 30% in the rabbit’s diets increased (P<0.05) daily soft faces excretion, whereas crude protein the proportion of soft faces to total crude protein intake was higher (P<0.05). Plasma total protein, transaminases activity (GOT and GPT), glucose, creatinine and urea concentrations did not differ in JM supplementation diets versus control. Cholesterol and triglycerides concentrations decreased (P<0.05) with the substitution of JM protein in diets from 0 to 30%. Dressing percentage of the rabbit fed 30% treated JM protein was increased (P<0.01) by 5.1% compared to control diet. Supplementation of JM protein at 30% in rabbit’s diets could increase nutrient digestibility, carcass traits quality and improve animal health.

Key words: Carcass traits, Digestibility, Jojoba meal, Lactobacillus, Rabbits.

*Corresponding author: asalem70@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

Vargas, J.M., Mendoza, G.D., Rubio-Lozano, De la Salud, M. and Castrejón, F.A. 2013. Effect of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes on the carcass characteristics and performance of grain-finished steers. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 13: 435-439.
The objective of this study was to determine the impact of different levels of a fibrolytic enzyme in a finishing diet on steer performance and carcass characteristics. The dietary enzyme levels were 0, 2, 4 and 6 ppm. Beef steers (n=7 per treatment) were fed a diet containing 88% concentrate and 12% forage (dry basis) for 75 days. Hot carcass yield improved (linear and quadratic, P<0.05) with enzyme treatment and the shear force tended to be reduced (linear, p<0.10) as enzyme concentration increased. No significant differences were detected in gain, feed conversion and loin characteristics. Thus, it is concluded that fibrolytic enzymes do not affect steer performance but improve carcass yield and tenderness.

Key words: Beef, Carcass, Enzymes, Meat quality, Performance, Steers

*Corresponding author: gmendoza@correo.xoc.uam.mx

ABSTRACT

Strube, M.L., Meyer, A.S. and Boye, M. 2013. Mini review: Basic physiology and factors influencing exogenous enzymes activity in the porcine gastrointestinal tract. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 13: 441-459.
The addition of exogenous enzymes to pig feed is used to enhance general nutrient availability and thus increase daily weight gain per feed unit. The enzymes used are mainly β-glucanase (EC 3.2.1.4) and xylanase (EC 3.2.1.8) and phytase (EC 3.1.3.8). Although in vivo data assessing feed enzyme activity during intestinal transit are few, it is known that the enzymes, being protein molecules, can be negatively affected by the gastrointestinal proteolytic enzymes and the low pH in the stomach ventricle. In this review, the pH-values, endogenous proteases and other factors native to the digestive tract of the adult pig and the piglet are discussed in relation to the stability of exogenous feed enzymes. Development of more consistent assessment methods which acknowledge such factors is warranted both in vitro and in vivo for proper evaluation and prediction of the efficiency of exogenous enzymes in the porcine gastrointestinal tract.

Key words: Feed Retention Time, Phytase, Xylanase, Glucanase, Stability, pH

*Corresponding author: am@kt.dtu.dk

ABSTRACT

Díaz, A., Carro, M.D., Saro, C., Mateos, I., Odongo, E. and Ranilla, M.J. 2013. In vitro evaluation of commercial fibrolytic enzymes for improving the nutritive value of low-quality forages. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 13: 461-476.
The aim of this work was to assess the effects of four doses of three commercial fibrolytic enzymes on ruminal fermentation of rice straw, maize stover and Pennisetum purpureum clon Cuba CT115 hay in batch cultures of ruminal micro-organisms from sheep. One enzyme was produced by Penicillium funiculosum (PEN) and two were from Trichoderma longibrachiatum (TL1 and TL2). Each liquid enzyme was diluted 200 (D1), 100 (D2), 50 (D3) and 10 (D4) fold and applied to each substrate in quadruplicate over time and incubated for 120 h in rumen fluid. The D4 dose of each enzyme increased (P<0.05) the fractional rate of gas production and organic matter effective degradability for all substrates, and tl2 had similar effects when applied at d3. in 9 h incubations, pen at d4, tl1 at all tested doses, and tl2 at d2, d3 and d4 increased (p<0.05) volatile fatty acid production and dry matter degradability for all substrates. The commercial enzymes tested were effective at increasing in vitro ruminal fermentation of low-quality forages, although effective doses varied with the enzyme.

Key words: Fibrolytic enzymes, Low-quality forages, Rumen fermentation, Batch cultures

*Corresponding author: mjrang@unileon.es

ABSTRACT

Mao, H.L., Wu, C.H., Wang, J.K. and Liu, J.X. 2013. Synergistic effect of cellulase and xylanase on in vitro rumen fermentation and microbial population with rice straw as substrate. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 13: 477-487.
The in vitro gas test was conducted to investigate the effects of cellulase (CEL) and xylanase (XYL) on in vitro rumen fermentation and microbial population with rice straw as substrate. Three levels of CEL (0, 7.5 and 15 U/g of DM) and XYL (0, 15 and 30 U/g of DM) were tested in a 3×3 factorial arrangement. Addition of CEL and XYL could affect the gas production parameters. Methane emission was increased linearly by CEL addition (P<0.01), while the methane production was greater when xyl added at the intermediate dose (quadratic, p<0.01). Total volatile fatty acids (CEL, quadratic, P<0.01; XYL, linear and quadratic, P<0.05) were enhanced by either CEL or XYL addition. Ammonia nitrogen was reduced by CEL (linear and quadratic, P<0.05), while microbial protein was enhanced by addition of CEL (quadratic, P<0.01) and XYL (linear and quadratic, P<0.01). In vitro degradability of DM and NDF were increased by addition of CEL (quadratic, P<0.05) or XYL (quadratic, P<0.01). Addition of CEL increased the copy number of total bacteria (linear, P<0.01) and Fibrobacter succinogens (linear and quadratic, P<0.05). The outcome of this research indicated that the application of CEL and XYL could improve rumen fermentation, increase rice straw digestion and affect the rumen microbial population. Combination of CEL and XYL at the middle level is more effective than a single CEL or XYL.

Keywords: Cellulase, Microbial population, Rice straw, Rumen fermentation, Xylanase

*Corresponding author: liujx@zju.edu.cn

ABSTRACT

Tang, S.X., Zou, Y., Wang, M., Salem, A.Z.M., Odongo, N.E., Zhou, C.S., Han, X.F., Tan, Z.L., Zhang, M., Fu, Y.F., Huang, S.Q., He, Z.X. and Kang, J.H. 2013. Effects of exogenous cellulase source on in vitro fermentation characteristics and methane production of crop straws and grasses. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 13: 489-505.
In vitro fermentation experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of 3 sources of exogenous cellulase products (EC) at 4 dose rates (DR) (0, 12, 37 and 62 IU/g of DM) on degradation of forage and methane production by mixed rumen micro-organisms of goats. The maximum gas production (Vf) of grasses was higher (P<0.001) in neocallimastix patriciarum (np) group than those in trichoderma reesei (tr) and trichoderma longibrachiatum (tl) groups. quadratic increases in dry matter degradation (dmd) of forage and neutral detergent fiber (ndfd) of straw were observed for all ec, with optimum dr in the low range. supplementation of ec originated from tr and np increased (p<0.001) DMD of forage compared to that from TL. Addition of EC originated from TR and NP also decreased pH value, ammonia nitrogen (NH 3-N) and methane (CH4) production compared to that from TL. Quadratic decreases in pH value, NH 3-N and CH4 of forage were noted for EC of TR and NP, and with optimum DR in the low range. For short chain fatty acid, the EC of NP increased total volatile fatty acid (TVFA) and acetate concentration and the ratio of acetate to propionate of forage compared with EC of TL and TR, and with optimum DR in the low to medium range. It was concluded that the source of EC differed in fiber degradation and methane emission, and with optimum DR of TR in the low range (from 12 to 37 U/g DM) in improving fiber degradation and decreasing methane emission.

Key words: Forage, Exogenous cellulase, In vitro fermentation, Methane production

*Corresponding author: zltan@isa.ac.cn

ABSTRACT

Khattab, H.M., Gado, H.M., Salem, A.Z.M., Camacho, L.M., El-Sayed, M.M., Kholif, A.M., ElShewy, A.A. and Kholif, A.E. 2013. Chemical composition and in vitro digestibility of Pleurotus ostreatus spent rice straw. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 13: 507-516.
The nutritive value of rice straw (RS) and Pleurotus ostreatus spent rice straw (SRS) was studied by analyzing its proximate composition, fiber fractions, in vitro digestibility, amino acids content and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The possibility of replacing berseem clover (BC; Trifolium alexandrinum) with SRS at different levels also was studied. Results showed higher protein content for SRS compared to RS (3.4 to 11.7%) while, DM, OM, NFE, CF, NDF, ADF, ADL, hemicellulose and cellulose were less for SRS than for RS. Highest concentration of amino acids (mg/100 g) was in SRS compared to RS. The SEM showed an extensive damage of SRS when compared to RS. Data also showed that SRS had higher in vitro dry matter disappearance (DMD) and in vitro organic matter disappearance (OMD) compared to RS. Results of in vitro study also, indicated that the levels of 50 and 90% replacement had the highest values of DMD and OMD compared to the other levels. It could be concluded from this study that treatment of RS with Pleurotus ostreatus improved the potential feeding value of the resultant substrates (i.e. SRS) as feed resources for ruminants and possibility of replacing BC with SRS at high levels of up to 50 or 90% from diets.

Key words: Biodegradation, Pleurotus ostreatus, Rice straw, Spent rice straw

*Corresponding author: asalem70@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

Dean, D.B., Valencia, E., Krueger, N.A. and Adesogan, A.T. 2013. Effect of treatment with fibrolytic enzymes or ammonia on the nutritive value of guineagrass (Panicum maximum) hay. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 13: 517-525.
This study evaluated the effect of applying four fibrolytic enzymes or NH3 on the nutritive value of 6- (6-wk) and 8-week (8-wk) re growths of guineagrass (Panicum maximum) hay. The NH3 was applied at 4% DM and enzymes Promote (Pr), Biocellulase X-20 (X-20), Fibrozyme (Fib) and Biocellulase A-20 (A-20) were applied at 0, 0.5x, 1x and 2x manufacturer recommended rates to 2 kg of guineagrass hay in triplicate. Hays were stored for 3-weeks before determination of chemical composition and 6 and 48 h in vitro digestibility of DM (IVDMD), NDF (IVNDFD), and ADF (IVADFD). Crude protein concentration, 6 and 48 h IVDMD, and 48 h IVNDFD and IVADFD values were greater (P<0.01), while adf and ndf concentrations were lower (p<0.01) in 6-wk hays compared to 8-wk hays. Additive treatment did not affect ADF or NDF concentration of 6-wk hays, but in 8-wk hays, X20 and Fib treatment reduced NDF and ADF concentrations (additive x maturity interaction, P<0.1). Ammoniation increased (P<0.01) CP concentration of 6 and 8-wk hays by 42 and 91%, respectively (additive x maturity interaction, P<0.01). Ammoniation increased (P<0.01) 6 h IVDMD by 35% and increased (P<0.01) 48 h IVDMD and IVNDFD by 10%, and there were no maturity x additive interactions for these measures. Additive treatment did not increase 48 h IVADFD. This study shows that guinea grass quality decreases as the duration between harvests increases. Certain enzymes produced small (<4%) decreases in the fiber concentration of 8-wk hays, but enzymes had no other effects on nutritive value. Ammoniation increased CP concentration and in vitro DM and NDF digestibility, therefore ammoniation was the only treatment that increased the nutritive value of guineagrass hays.

Key words: Guineagrass hay, Enzymes, Ammonia, Nutritive value.

*Corresponding author: adesogan@ufl.edu

ABSTRACT

López, D., Elghandour, M.M.Y., Salem, A.Z.M., Vázquez-Armijo, J.F., Salazar, M.C. and Gado, H.M. 2013. Influence of exogenous enzymes on in vitro gas production kinetics and dry matter degradability of a high concentrate diet. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 13: 527-536.
This study was conducted to evaluate the influence of an exogenous enzyme mixture on in vitro gas production (GP), in vitro dry matter degradability (DMD), metabolizable energy (ME) and short chain fatty acid (SCFA) production in growing lambs fed a high concentrate diet. ZADO® (ENZ) is a powdered, commercially available multi-enzyme feed additive produced from Ruminococcus flavefaciens. Four levels of ENZ (i.e., 0, 5, 10 and 20 mg/g DM; or EO, E5, E10 and E20, respectively) were applied directly to the substrate inside the incubation bottles before addition of buffer medium and rumen fluid, and the treatments were assayed in triplicate runs. Addition of ENZ linearly increased (P<0.05) gp at 6 and 96 h of incubation and tended (p=0.08) to linearly increase gp at 12, 48 and 72 h of incubation. asymptotic gp was increased linearly (p=0.05) as the level of enz increased and the lag time decreased linearly (p=0.003). concurrently, dmd increased linearly (p<0.001) as the level of ENZ increased, but level of ENZ had no effect on SCFA and ME. Finally, level of ENZ had no influence on rate of gas production. Results suggest that this enzyme preparation has potential to improve efficiency of utilization of high concentrate diets fed to growing lambs.

Key words: Exogenous enzymes, In vitro gas production, Degradability, Lambs.

*Corresponding author: asalem70@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

Arriola, K.G. and Adesogan, A.T. 2013. Effect of fibrolytic enzyme application on the digestibility of corn silage, alfalfa hay, two concentrates, and complete diets under simulated ruminal and preruminal conditions. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 13: 537-550..
Previous work showed that when added to the total mixed ration (TMR) prior to feeding, a fibrolytic enzyme containing 733U/ml of endoglucanase activity, 3630 U/ml of xylanase activity, and 0.0002 umol/mg/minute of esterase activity improved dry matter digestibility (DMD) and neutral detergent fiber digestibility (NDFD) and the level and efficiency of milk production by dairy cows. This study determined if the enzyme exerts its hydrolytic effect on different dietary substrates prior to ingestion or within the rumen and determine which dietary components were most affected by enzyme action. Substrates evaluated included corn silage (CS), alfalfa hay (AH), low (LC) and high (HC) energy concentrates (22 and 37% corn meal) and low- (33%) and high- (48%) concentrate total mixed rations (TMRL and TMRH). Substrates were incubated in a buffer or a buffer-enzyme solution in triplicate for up to 24 h and chemical composition and DM disappearance were measured. In addition, DMD and NDFD were determined after untreated or enzyme-treated substrates were incubated in water (W) or ruminal fluid (RF) for a further 24 h after the initial incubation in the buffer or buffer enzyme solution. Application of the enzyme reduced concentrations of NDF and hemicellulose, increased water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) concentration and DM disappearance. Incubation of enzyme-treated substrates in RF resulted in greater DMD than incubation in W except for AH, which had similar DMD in both media. Enzyme addition increased DMD and NDFD in W by 10 and 39% respectively, but had no effect on DMD and NDFD in RF; suggesting that preingestive effects of the enzyme were greater than ruminal effects. Enzyme effects on NDF, WSC, and hemicellulose concentration or DMD and NDFD in W or RF did not depend on the substrate. Therefore, this study provided no evidence that the enzyme preferentially hydrolyzed specific substrates and it suggested that preingestive effects of the enzyme were greater than ruminal effects under the conditions of this study.

Key words: Enzyme, In vitro, Corn Silage, Alfalfa.

*Corresponding author: adesogan@ufl.edu

ABSTRACT

Soltan, Y.A., Abdalla, A.L., Silva, L.R.F., Natel, A.S., Morsy, A.S. and Louvandini, H. 2013. Response of different tropical pasture grass species to treatments with fibrolytic enzymes in terms of in vitro ruminal nutrient degradation and methanogenesis. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 13: 551-568.
Two fibrolytic enzyme products (cellulase and xylanase) were applied at 7.5 or 0.46 enzymatic units/500 mg DM substrate, respectively to common Brazilian forage pasture grass species: Aruana (Panicum maximum), Napier (Pennisetum purpureum), Brachiaria (Brachiaria decumbens), Buffel (Pennisetum ciliare), Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) and sugarcane bagasse. The forages were then incubated in an in vitro semi-automatic gas production (GP) system for 24 and 48 h. Cellulase addition enhanced (P<0.05) gp, the amount of degraded neutral detergent fiber (dndf), and propionate and butyrate production during 24 h compared with no addition, whereas xylanase product had only minor effects on nutrient degradation. none of the enzymatic treatments affected methane (ch 4) at the two incubation times. aruana and napier had the highest hemicellulose and protein contents, caused the lowest ch 4 production (p<0.01) and increased (P<0.05) GP, DNDF and CH4 at 24 h when treated with cellulase product compared with the other grasses. The present results highlighted the importance of matching the enzyme product to forage substrate properties to achieve maximal benefit from exogenous enzyme application in ruminant nutrition.

Key words: Endoglucanase, Methane, Pasture quality, Sustainability, Xylanase

*Corresponding author: abdalla@cena.usp.br

ABSTRACT

Gado, H.M., Salem, A.Z.M., Camacho, L.M., Elghandour, M.M.Y. and Salazar, M.C. 2013. Influence of exogenous enzymes of ZAD on in vitro ruminal degradation of ensiled rice straw with DDGS. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 13: 569-574.
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of exogenous enzymes (ENZ) on nutrient profile and ruminal degradability of rice straw (RS), distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) and their mixture (RS with 10% DDGS). Ten samples of each fibrous feed were mixed with ZAD® (mixture of cellulases, xylanaxes, proteases and alpha amylase). ENZ was added at 0, 1 and 3 L to one ton of the fibrous feeds and the mixture was ensiled for 30 days. Feed samples were incubated for 72 h in rumen liquor of sheep to determine the degradability of DM, NDF and ADF. Pretreatment of feeds and their mixture (RS and DDGS) with ENZ at 3 L were increased (P<0.01) the degradation of NDF and ADF. Degradation fractions (a, b, (a+b) and c) of feeds were improved (P<0.01) at 3 L of ENZ, except the of NDF and ADF of RS which were not affected by ENZ treatment. The results suggested a strong potential in improving digestion of RS and DDGS as well as their mixture with the pretreatment with ENZ. The dose of 3 L/ton of fibrous product improved the DM, NDF and ADF degradability.

Key words: DDGS, Degradability, Exogenous enzymes, Fiber fractions, Rice straw.

*Corresponding author: asalem70@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

Ruiz, P.J.A., Ortiz, R.A., Peñuelas-Rivas, G., Morales, O.A., Gutierrez, M.G., Pescador P.N. and González-Ronquillo, M. 2013. Effect of the addition of enzymes on chemical composition and In vitro gas production of hybrid maize varieties preserved by silage in the highlands. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 13: 575-582.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical composition and in vitro gas production of ten varieties of corn hybrids (Owl, Copper, Chrome, H40, H47, H66, H70, HIT7, Pioneer 1832 and Victoria) cropped in the high valleys of Mexico, preserved by ensiling with three treatments, control (CTR), acetic acid 1% (AAC), or enzymes (ENZ, Sill all ® 10g/ton); samples were performed in microsilos (n=90); After 60 days, the micro-silages were opened. The data matrix was analysed using two multivariate techniques: (i) the variables considered for the Principal Components Factor Analysis (PCFA), and (ii) Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (CA). The first multivariate technique was to reduce the information and generate major factors. Cluster analysis shows the presence of four groups with different characteristics between the groups: G1 as energy silages (H47 and Pioneer varieties), G2 protein silages (Chrome, H66, Victoria varieties), G3 easily degradable silages (Copper,HIT7 varieties), and G4 balanced silage (Owl,H40, H70 varieties). Treatments AAC and ENZ in G2, and ENZ in G3 were higher in crude protein (CP) content than the rest of the treatments. Treatments with ENZ in G1, G2, and G3 had the highest neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content (P<0.01). me and nei were higher for g1 treated with aac, enz, and ctr and g2 ctr than the rest of the treatments. the lowest ph (p<0.01) was for G2 and G4 treated as CTR and AAC, compared with G1 and G2 treated with AAC and ENZ. In vitro gas production (ml gas/gDM) was higher (P<0.05) for G3 and G4 treated with enzymes compared with G1 CTR and AAC. There were no differences (P>0.05) for in vitro dry matter digestibility, but NDF digestibility was higher (P<0.01) for G1 treated with CTR, AAC and ENZ, G2 treated with CTR, and G4 treated with ENZ than the rest of the treatments. As a conclusion, the study shows depending on the focus, all the four groups of the silages i.e., energy silages (G1), protein silages (G2), easily degradable silage (G3), and balanced silage (G4) can be used in livestock feeding.

Key words: Lactic acid bacteria, Chemical composition, In vitro gas production.

*Corresponding author: mrg@uaemex.mx

ABSTRACT

Torres, N., Mendoza, G.D., Bárcena, J.R., González, S.S., Loera, O., Salem, A.Z.M. and Lara, A. 2013. Effect of a fibrolytic enzymatic extract from Cellulomonas flavigena on in vitro degradation and in vivo digestibility and productive performance of lambs. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 13:583-592.
An enzymatic extract from Cellulomonas flavigena was evaluated at 0, 2.5, 7.5, 12.5 mL/kg DM of total mixed ration (TMR) on the in vitro degradation of DM, NDF and ADF and in vivo at 0, 5.0 and 7.5 mL of extract per kg DM of TMR to determine the digestibility and productive performance of lambs fed a TMR made up of 60% forage. Twenty four Pelibuey-Kathadin lambs were used in the trial. The in vitro degradation of ADF showed a linear (P<0.05) response from 6 to 72 h. there was no effect on dm intake, daily gain or feed conversion. the enzymatic dose tended to linearly decrease the apparent digestibility of dm (p=0.06), ndf (p=0.10) and adf (p=0.06). the n-nh 3 concentration showed a linear decrease (p=0.002) and total vfa concentration was linearly (p<0.001) increased. The incorporation of extract of Cellulomonas flavigena in the diet increased in vitro degradation of cellulose in terms of ADF but did not increase the digestion or productive performance of lambs.

Key words: Digestibility, Feed intake, Exogenous fibrolytic enzymes, In vitro, Lamb.

*Corresponding author: nivigas@yahoo.com.mx

ABSTRACT

Ruiz, P.J.A., Moreno, A.J., Salem, A.Z.M., Castelan Ortega, O. and Gonzalez-Ronquillo, M. 2013. Chemical composition and in vitro gas production from different varieties of native and hybrid maize silage with the addition of acetic acid or enzymes. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 13: 593-599.
The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the chemical composition and in vitro gas production of corn white local native (WLN) corn yellow local native (YLN) and the hybrids H-51EA and CL080001 as silage, preserved by three treatments, control (CTR), the addition of acetic acid (AAC) or enzymes (ENZ). Samples were prepared in microsilos and analysed in 4x3 factorial design with three replicates of each one. The dry matter content (g/kg) was higher (P<0.01) for clo80001 and lower for yln (222 vs 176); organic matter (om) content was higher (p<0.01) CLO80001 compared with the natives. Regarding treatments, OM in ENZ were higher (P<0.01) with respect to AAC and CTR; crude protein (CP) content differs by variety and treatments, WLN variety was higher (P<0.01) and the lowest CP was for CLO80001. CTR and AAC were higher in CP (P<0.01) than ENZ treatment. Neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber content was higher (P<0.01) for WLN than YLN and the hybrids. The highest gas production (ml gas/g DM) (P<0.01) was for hybrids compared with local corn natives. There were no differences (P>0.05) for rate c and lag time between varieties. Dry matter disappeared (DMd) was higher (P<0.01) for CLO8001 and WLN than H51EA. ME (MJ/kg DM) was higher (P<0.01) for CLO80001 < H51EA < YLN < WLN. ME were higher (P<0.01) in ENZ and AAC than CTR. The WLN variety proves to be the best option for feeding cattle, as it turned out better than the rest of the varieties tested. Addition of corn silage with acetic acid or enzymes increased NDF digestibility and ME availability.

Key words: Enzymes, Acetic acid, Chemical composition, In vitro gas production, Silage

*Corresponding author: mrg@uaemex.mx