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ANFT JANUARY 2011 ISSUES 01

Response of Vanaraja Breeder (Male Line) Chicks to Dietary Concentrations of Lysine and Methionine

A.K. Panda*, S.V. Rama Rao, M.V.L.N. Raju, M.R. Reddy and G. Shyam Sunder

Project Directorate on Poultry Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-500 030, India

ABSTRACT

Panda, A.K., Rama Rao, S.V., Raju, M.V.L.N., Reddy, M.R. and Shyam Sunder, G. 2011. Response of Vanaraja breeder (male line) chicks to dietary concentrations of lysine and methionine. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 11: 1-8. The effect of dietary concentrations of lysine (Lys) and methionine (Met) on performance of Vanaraja breeder (male line) chicks was studied. Nine diets were formulated to contain 3 different concentrations of Lys (0.9, 1.0 and 1.1%) and Met (0.35, 0.40 and 0.45%) each in factorial manner. Each experimental diet was fed ad libitum to eight replicates of six chicks each during 0-6 weeks of age. Neither the concentrations of Lys and Met nor the interaction between them influenced body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, cell mediated immune response, activity of alkaline phosphatase in serum, giblet weight and weight of immune organs (spleen and bursa). However, levels of Lys in the diet significantly influenced serum concentrations of protein, activity of AST and ALT, and dressed weight. Higher concentration of protein and better dressed yield was observed in the diet containing 1.0% Lys. Dietary Met (0.4%) contents significantly influenced both feed consumption and humoral immune response (antibody titre to sheep RBC). No interaction effect was observed for any of the parameters studied except AST activity in serum and abdominal fat content of the carcass. It is concluded that Vanaraja breeder (male line) chicks require 1% lysine (Lys: CP–0.05) and 0.4% methionine (Met: CP–0.02) in diet for realizing optimum performance during 0 to 6 weeks of age.

Key words: Lysine, Methionine, Performance, Vanaraja breeder (male line) chicks.

*Corresponding author: akpanda59@rediffmail.com

Effects of Feeding Rhodes Grass (Chloris gayana) Hay with Graded Levels of Zizyphus mucronata on Voluntary Feed Intake, Nutrient Utilization, Nitrogen Balance and Body Weight Gains in Growing Small East African Goats

J.O. Ondiek*, S.A. Abdulrazak and E.N. Njoka

Egerton University, Department of Animal Science P.O. Box 536-20115, Egerton, Kenya

ABSTRACT

Ondiek, J.O., Abdulrazak, S.A. and Njoka, E.N. 2011. Effects of feeding Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana) hay with graded levels of Zizyphus mucronata on voluntary feed intake, nutrient utilization, nitrogen balance and body weight gains in growing small east African goats. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 11: 9-17.
The effects of supplementing Chloris gayana hay with Zizyphus mucronata on feed intake, nutrient utilization, nitrogen balance and bodyweight changes in Small East African Goats was evaluated. Five treatment diets of Z. mucronata were offered in a RCBD graded levels at 0, 15, 20, 25, and 30 g DM per kgW0.75. The CP, NDF and ADF contents of Z. mucronata was 200, 393 and 222g per kg DM, respectively. The DMI ranged between 431 to 638 g/d increasing with supplementation (P<0.05) but digestibility of dm, om, adf and ndf was similar. digestibility of cp was lowest for the control and highest for animals supplemented at 25g per kgw0.75 and the rest were not statistically different. average daily gains (adg) were lowest for the control and increased with supplementation being 7.7, 17.5, 34.0, 29.6 and 26.9 g />d, respectively. Rumen ammonia nitrogen ranged from 6.81 to 6.91 mg/100 ml and showed no difference (P>0.05). The nitrogen intake and feacal N excretion differed with treatments (P<0.05) with the highest n retention levels of 7.28 g />d. It is concluded that Z. mucronata can be used as a protein supplement for growing Small East African goats at 20g per kgW0.75 with a potential of gaining 34 g/d.

Key words: Nutritive value, Feed intake, Digestibility, Nitrogen balance, Average daily gains

*Corresponding author: ondiekjo2002@yahoo.com

Effect of Bypass Protein on Milk Yield in Indian Cattle – A Meta Analysis

K.P. Suresh, Raghavendra Bhatta*, S. Mondal and K.T. Sampath

National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology Adugodi, Bangalore-560 030, India

ABSTRACT

National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology Adugodi, Bangalore-560 030, India
Twenty Indian studies pertaining to feeding of undegradable dietary protein (UDP) on milk production in lactating cows were selected. Based on inclusion and exclusion criteria to safeguard against the selection bias, only fourteen studies could be considered for conducting a meta-analysis. All the data included in the present study were from experiments conducted under iso-caloric diets and early to mid lactation with medium milk production (around 10 kg). The bypass protein intake was converted to UDP intake g/animal/day as input variable and milk yield was converted to 4% FCM (fat corrected milk) in order to achieve uniformity in study results. The UDP intake (g/animal/day) was categorized into 0-100, 101-200, 201-300, 301-400, 401-500 and 501-600. A database on UDP intake (g/animal/day), milk yield (kg) and fat % were developed based on the studies selected. The data were analyzed using the Meta-calculator. The results indicated increase in milk yield as the UDP intake was increased. The amount of 4% FCM was 6.62 kg (SD: 0.43) at 0-100 g UDP intake and progressively increased to 10 kg when the UDP intake was >600 g/animal/day. The milk production response was observed to be quadratic i.e. milk production increased with increasing UDP intake and thereafter milk production showed decreasing trend for unit increase in UDP levels. From the meta-analysis of the data, it could be concluded that feeding of UDP is beneficial in increasing milk yield and the optimum level of UDP required for production of 10 kg 4% FCM among Indian cattle is about 571 g/animal/day.

Key words: Bypass protein, UDP, Milk yield, Milk fat, Meta-analysis.

*Corresponding author: ragha0209@yahoo.com

Effect of Plane of Nutrition on Nutrient Utilization, Haemato-biochemical Parameters and Immune Response in Haemonchus contortus Infected Sheep

PC.S. Dubey, B.C. Mondal*, D.P. Tiwari, Anil Kumar and C.L. Yadav

Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology Pantnagar-263 145, India

ABSTRACT

Dubey, C.S., Mondal, B.C., Tiwari, D.P., Kumar, A. and Yadav, C.L. 2011. Effect of plane of nutrition on nutrient utilization, haemato-biochemical parameters and immune response in Haemonchus contortus infected sheep. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 11: 27-39.
Eighteen Muzaffarnagari adult sheep, aged 11-13 months and average body weight of 28.90 kg infected with of Haemonchus contortus divided into 3 groups of 6 animals each were fed three levels of concentrate mixture (groundnut cake and wheat bran in 70: 30 ratio) i.e. low plane (200 g), medium plane (300 g) and high plane (400 g) to groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively, along with ad libitum mixed green fodder (green maize+grasses) to discern the effect on nutrient utilization, certain haemato-biochemical parameters and immune response. The feeding trial lasted for 90 days. There was significantly higher daily dry matter, TDN and DCP intakes (P<0.05) in sheep of group 3 and 2 than group 1. digestibility coefficients for dm, om, cp and nfe were significantly (p<0.01) higher in sheep fed high plane and medium plane of concentrate mixture. Blood samples collected from each animal on 0, 30th, 60th and 90th day post feeding periods showed that total erythrocyte counts and differential leukocyte counts were not affected significantly due to plane of nutrition and values were within the normal physiological range, however, lymphocyte (P<0.01) and neutrophil (P<0.05) counts differed significantly at the start of feeding trial and later on the values did not differ among the groups. The eosinophil counts were significantly (P<0.01) lower in group 3 on 60 days of feeding, whereas on 90th day, sheep in groups 2 and 3 had lowered eosinophil counts. Serum globulin concentration in response to H. contortus infection was influenced much in high plane of nutrition as compared to low plane. The antibody titer in sheep of groups 2 and 3 was significantly (P<0.01) higher as compared to group 1 from 30 day feeding trial onwards. The over all average faecal egg counts in the experimental sheep were significantly (P<0.05) lower in groups 2 and 3 than in group 1. It was concluded that higher plane of nutrition improved nutrient utilization and immune status in sheep infected with H. contortus.

Key words: Haemato-biochemical constituents, Immune status, Nutrient utilization, Haemonchus contortus, Sheep.

*Corresponding author: mondal_bc@yahoo.com

Haematological Parameters, Serum Constituents and Organ Development of Growing Rabbits as Affected by Feeding of Processed Cassava Peels

O.A. Olafadehan

Federal College of Wildlife Management New Bussa 23402, Niger State, Nigeria

ABSTRACT

Olafadehan, O.A. 2011. Haematological parameters, serum constituents and organ development of growing rabbits as affected by feeding of processed cassava peels. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 11:41-51.
The effects of feeding ensiled, sun-dried and retted cassava peel meal on the blood constituents and organ development were studied using growing rabbits in a 9-week experiment. Four diets were formulated such that the control diet did not contain cassava peel meal (CPM) while the three other diets contained 200 g/kg of ensiled cassava peel meal (ECPM), sun-dried cassava peel meal (SCPM) and retted cassava peel meal (RCPM), respectively. Thirty-two rabbits, aged 6 week-old of mixed breeds, were allocated to a completely randomized design, with eight animals per treatment. The rabbits were slaughtered and used for the blood constituents and organ development study. All the processed CPM had much lower concentration of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) than the unprocessed CPM indicating the efficacy of the processing methods. Among the processed CPM, HCN concentration was highest in ECPM, intermediate in SCPM and lowest in RCPM. With the exception of neutrophil and eosinophil, other haematological parameters were significantly (P<0.05) affected by the dietary treatments. while the diets had no (p<0.05) effect on serum creatinine and urea, total and conjugated bilirubin, serum glutamate oxalotransaminase, serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase and glucose were (P<0.05) varied by the diets. However, all studied haematological indices and serum metabolites were within the reported range for normal rabbits. Relative weights of selected organs were similar (P>0.05) among the treatments. It is concluded that inclusion of 20% ECPM, SCPM and RCPM had no deleterious effect on the health status and organ development of the growing rabbits.

Key words: Cassava peel meal, Haematology, Hydrogen cyanide, Organ development, Rabbits.

*Corresponding author: oaolafadehan@yahoo.com

Relationship between Gas Production, True Degraded Organic Matter and Microbial Biomass Synthesis for Protein Feedstuffs as Influenced by Incubation Time in the In Vitro Gas Production

D. Kiran*, U. Krishnamoorthy, G.L. Manju and V. Manjunath

Department of Livestock Production and Management Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Veterinary College, Bangalore-560 024

ABSTRACT

Kiran, D., Krishnamoorthy, U., Manju, G.L. and Manjunath, V. 2011. Relationship between gas production, true degraded organic matter and microbial biomass synthesis for protein feedstuffs as influenced by incubation time in the in vitro gas production. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 11: 53-62.
Five protein feedstuffs, namely ambadi (Hibiscus cannabinus) cake, cottonseed meal, groundnut meal, rapeseed meal, and sesame meal were evaluated using the in vitro gas production technique, for fermentation stoichiometry, gas production, true digested organic matter (TDOM) and microbial biomass (MB) synthesis at incubation time of half asymptotic gas production (t1/2) and 24 h. The mean molar ratio of short chain fatty acids (c2:c3:c4) for the protein supplements at t1/2 and 24 h were 0.71:0.20:0.09 and 0.72:0.19:0.09, respectively. The mean gas production (ml/g DM) at t1/2 and 24 h were 101.2 and 196.3 respectively, whereas the TDOM (mg/g DM) at the corresponding incubations were 578.6 and 657.5. Similarly, mean partitioning factor (PF) at t1/2 (5.87) was significantly (P<0.0001) higher than at 24 h (3.37). the mb (mg />g DM) in the apparent undigested residue in the incubations was 172.8 and 100.0 at t1/2 and 24 h, whereas the RNA equivalents (mg/g DM) for the corresponding incubations were 9.69 and 7.45, respectively. However, the ratio of RNA: MB at t1/2 and 24 h were 0.0581 and 0.0808, respectively (P=0.0257). The disproportionate increase in gas production against the increase in TDOM at 24 h compared to at t1/2 with similar fermentation stoichiometry at both incubations is explainable by the unfermented OM at t1/2 that is solubilized by the ND extraction, thereby contributing to TDOM. Thus the artifact caused by solubilization of unfermented OM at t1/2 could equal to or greater than the artifact caused by microbial lysis up to 24 h incubation. It is concluded that, for protein feedstuffs, the t1/2 may not be the most appropriate time for determination of PF as an index of microbial biomass synthesis efficiency.

Key words: Microbial biomass, Incubation time, Partitioning factor.

*Corresponding author: kirandoranalli@yahoo.com

Effect of Graded Levels of Melon Seed (Citrullus lanatus) Cake on the Performance, Carcass Evaluation and Blood Parameters of Broiler Chicken

S.A. Bolu*, F.E. Sola-Ojo, O.A. Olorunsanya and O.G. Adekola

Department of Animal Production, University of Ilorin Ilorin, Nigeria

ABSTRACT

Bolu, S.A., Sola-Ojo, F.E., Olorunsanya, O.A. and Adekola, O.G. 2011. Effect of graded levels of melon seed (Citrullus lanatus) cake on the performance, carcass evaluation and blood parameters of broiler chicken. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 11: 63-70.
InA 42-day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate Melon Seed Cake (MSC) as dietary protein source in broiler diets. Four diets were formulated to contain MSC at 0, 10, 20 and 30 per cent dietary levels. One hundred, day–old Arbor Acre broiler chicks were used for the study in a Completely Randomised Design. Feed intake, weight gain and feed to gain ratio were significantly affected by dietary levels of MSC (P<0.05). birds fed diet with 0% msc consumed more feed (p<0.05). Weight gain was significantly different (P<0.05), highest weight gained was observed among birds fed 10% MSC inclusion level, there were no significant (P<0.05) feed to gain ratio across the dietary treatment. Values for haematological and blood serum chemistry differed significantly (P<0.05). Birds fed 30% MSC had the highest packed cell volume, red blood cells and, lymphocytes. Highest glucose level was observed at 10% MSC levels, while highest uric acid, alkaline phosphate, glutamic oxaloacetate transaminase were observed at 30% MSC inclusion level, those on 20% MSC had more serum protein. Significant (P<0.05) differences existed in nutrient retention across the dietary treatment. Melon seed cake is recommended at 10% inclusion level in broiler diets.

Key words: Melon Seed Cake, Broiler, Diet.

*Corresponding author: bolusao2002@yahoo.co.uk

Metabolic and Immunological Response in Dogs Fed Homemade Diet with Augmented Nutrient Profile

M.M. Pawar, A.K. Pattanaik*, Puneet Kumar, K. Sharma and T.K. Goswami

Animal Nutrition Division Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243 122, India

ABSTRACT

Pawar, M. M., Pattanaik, A.K., Kumar, P., Sharma, K. and Goswami, T.K. 2011. Metabolic and immunological response in dogs fed homemade diet with augmented nutrient profile. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 11: 71-80.
Metabolic and immunological response was assessed in ten Spitz pups, divided into two groups, fed on homemade diet. The control group was fed with rice and milk based homemade diet and experimental group with augmented composition to optimize the nutrient profile as per AAFCO (1994) recommendation. The feeding trial was continued for a period of 150 days. Cell-mediated immune (CMI) response was assessed at 110 d of study, by measuring the delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction to intra-dermal inoculation of phytohaemagglutinin-p (PHA-p) mitogen. Further, lymphocyte subsets were assessed by fluorescent activated cell sorter technique. Humoral immune response was assessed by inoculation of Leptospira antigen at 120 d post-feeding, and subsequently measuring levels of immunoglobulin G (IgG) in serum collected at 0, 7, 14 and 28 days of post-inoculation. To assess the blood metabolites and erythrocytic antioxidants, cephalic vein blood samples were collected at monthly intervals. Dietary treatment did not show any effect (P>0.05) on CMI assessed through DTH response to PHA-p. Significant variations were also noticed in the population of CD4, CD8 and CD4: CD8 ratio. The level of serum IgG was higher (P<0.05) in experimental group than in control group. data on metabolic indices revealed higher (p<0.05) levels of haemoglobin, plasma total protein, calcium and phosphorus accompanied by increased erythrocytic antioxidants viz. catalase and total thiol groups in experimental group compared to control group. However, the levels of plasma lipid profile, urea and creatinine were found to be significantly (P<0.05) lower in experimental group than the control. Results suggested improvement in health of dogs by optimizing the nutrient profile of rice-milk based homemade diet.

Key words: Dogs, Homemade diet, Immune response, Blood metabolites, Erythrocytic antioxidants.

*Corresponding author: akpattanaik1@gmail.com

Assessment of Growth Performance, Immune Response and Mineral Retention in Colour Broilers as Influenced by Dietary Iron

R.C. Kulkarni*, H.P. Shrivastava, A.B. Mandal, C. Deo, K.Y. Deshpande, R. Singh and S.K. Bhanja

Division of Avian Nutrition and Feed Technology Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar-243 122, India

ABSTRACT

Kulkarni, R.C., Shrivastava, H.P., Mandal, A.B., Deo, C., Deshpande, K.Y., Singh, R. and Bhanja, S.K. 2011. Assessment of growth performance, immune response and mineral retention in colour broilers as influenced by dietary iron. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 11: 81-90.
An experiment was undertaken to evaluate the relative efficacy of chelated or organic ferrous aminoate (FeA) vis-a-vis inorganic ferrous sulphate (FeS) at each 120, 140 and 160 mg Fe/kg diet in broiler chickens. Six test diets, in factorial design (2 sources x 3 levels), and one control (Fe unsupplemented basal diet) were offered ad libitum to quadruplicate groups of 8 straight-run colour broiler chicks each, giving total number of 32 chicks per treatment, from 0-6 weeks of age split into starter (0-3 weeks) and finisher (3-6 weeks) phases. The response criteria included growth performance, immune response and mineral retention. The supplementation of FeS yielded significantly higher body weight gain (BWG) with improved feed conversion ratio (FCR) as compared to FeA. Among the levels, 120 mg/ kg Fe accrued significantly higher BWG with improved FCR as compared to other levels. The immune response remained comparable due to different dietary sources or levels of Fe. Significantly higher bursal was seen at 120 and 140 mg Fe/kg diet from FeA than in control group. Carcass traits including relative weight of giblet remained comparable amongst dietary treatments. The Fe sources and levels did not affect retention of Ca, Cu and P, but had significantly better Fe retention in FeA fed groups than FeS. It was concluded that dietary supplementation of iron as organic ferrous aminoate yielded better immune status, while for better growth performance inorganic form as ferrous sulphate was superior. It is concluded that the mineral utilization was not afected due to the source of iron.

Key words: Colour broilers, Chelates, Ferrous aminoate, Mineral retention, Performance.

*Corresponding author: kramvet23@gmail.com

A Study on Availability of Various Mineral Elements in Milch Buffaloes

M.R. Garg, B.M. Bhanderi* and S.K. Gupta

Animal Nutrition Group, National Dairy Development Board Anand-388 001, India

ABSTRACT

Garg, M.R., Bhanderi, B.M. and Gupta, S.K. 2011. A study on availability of various mineral elements in Milch buffaloes. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 11: 91-102.
A study was carried out to assess dietary macro and micro-minerals status of milch buffaloes in Amritsar, Ludhiana and Patiala districts, under Central Plain Zone of Punjab. Feeds and fodder samples were collected at random from various locations. The average calcium (Ca) content in straws was low (0.28%). Green fodders such as berseem (1.82%), chikori (1.30%), mustard (1.59%) and rye grass (0.46%) were found to be rich source of Ca. Concentrate feed ingredients were particularly low (0.13%) in Ca, except for mustard cake (0.64%) in Ca. The phosphorus (P) content in crop residues and green fodders was 0.10 and 0.43 per cent, respectively. Concentrate feed ingredients were high (0.77%) in P. The sulphur (S) content was adequate in green fodder (0.31%), whereas, crop residues (0.18%) and concentrate ingredients (0.17%) were deficient. The average copper (Cu) content was low in straws (4.46 ppm) and moderate in green fodders (13.38 ppm) and concentrate feed ingredients (10 ppm). The cobalt (Co) was deficient in the diet of animals to the extent of 26 per cent; however, iron (average level >597 ppm) and manganese (average level > 63 ppm) in most of the feed ingredients were adequate, with the prevailing feeding practices. Zinc (Zn) was deficient in most of the feedstuffs (average level<44 ppm). from the present study, it was apparent that the levels of certain minerals such as ca, p, s, zn, cu and co were inadequate, as per the prevailing feeding practices and requirement of buffalo yielding daily 10 kg milk (6% fat) in the central plain zone of punjab.

Key words: Calcium, Phosphorus, Zinc, Cobalt, Buffaloes

*Corresponding author: bhanderi@nddb.coop

Effect of Tree Leaves Containing Plant Secondary Metabolites on In vitro Methanogenesis and Fermentation of Feed with Buffalo Rumen Liquor

R. Kumar, D.N. Kamra*, N. Agarwal, L.C. Chaudhary, S.S. Zadbuke

Rumen Microbiology Laboratory Centre of Advanced Studies in Animal Nutrition Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243 122, India

ABSTRACT

Kumar, R., Kamra, D.N., Agarwal, N., Chaudhary, L.C. and Zadbuke, S.S. 2011. Effect of tree leaves containing plant secondary metabolites on in vitro methanogenesis and fermentation of feed with buffalo rumen liquor. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 11: 103-114.
The leaves of Mangifera indica (mango), Eugenia jambolana (jamun), Aegle marmelos (bel), Zyzipus jujuba (ber), Azadirachta indica (neem) and Ficus religiosa (peepal) extracted in three solvents (water, ethanol and methanol) were tested for their effects on gas and methane production, in vitro true digestibility (IVTD) and rumen fermentation characteristics in an in vitro gas production test. Gas production per gram dry matter (DM) of a substrate (wheat straw and concentrate mixture in 1:1 ratio) reduced (P<0.05) with leaf extracts of e. jambolana and z. jujuba. the highest inhibition of methane production was observed with methanol extract (35.7% inhibition) followed by ethanol extract (23.2% inhibition) and water extract (9.2% inhibition) of m. indica leaves, but there was no effect on acetate to propionate ratio and ivtd of the feed with these extracts. methanol extract of e. jambolana also inhibited methane emission by 24.1%. ivtd of the feed decreased (p<0.05) with addition of the extracts of E. jambolana, A. marmelos and Z. jujuba leaves. Antiprotozoal activity was observed with M. indica, E. jambolana and A. indica leaf extracts which was mainly due to a reduction in spirotrichs counts, however, holotrichs were not affected. The results indicated that methanol extract of mango leaves (M. indica) appeared to have a potential to inhibit rumen methanogenesis without adversely affecting other rumen fermentation characteristics.

Key words: Tree leaves, Plant secondary metabolites, Methanogenesis, Buffalo

*Corresponding author: dnkamra@rediffmail.com

Effect of Condensed Tannins Supplementation from Tanniferous Tree leaves on In Vitro Nitrogen and Substrate Degradation

Manish Dubey, Narayan Dutta*, K. Sharma, A.K. Pattanaik, P.S. Banerjee and M. Singh

Centre of Advanced Studies in Animal Nutrition Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243 122, India

ABSTRACT

Dubey, M., Dutta, N., Sharma, K., Pattanaik, A.K., Banerjee, P.S. and Singh, M. 2011. Effect of condensed tannins supplementation from tanniferous tree leaves on in vitro nitrogen and substrate degradation. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 11: 115-122.
This study was carried out to assess the effect of strategic use of condensed tannins (CT) from tanniferous tree leaves on the in vitro nitrogen and substrate degradation. Tanniferous tree leaves of Psidium guajava, Ficus bengalensis, and Ficus infectoria were selected as a potential CT sources and used at graded levels (0, 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0%) to protect the nitrogen degradation of mustard oil cake (MOC). Supplementation of CT @ 1-3 percent significantly (P<0.01) reduced the in vitro nitrogen degradation (0.87-0.51) irrespective of ct sources, however, nitrogen protection in the rumen was highest (p<0.01) at 3.0 percent CT inclusion followed by 2 and 1 percent CT levels. CT inclusion from all the three tropical tree leaves exerted similar effect on in vitro nitrogen degradability of MOC and reduced 39% in vitro nitrogen degradation of MOC. Gas volume produced in 24 h (ml/200 mg) and partioning factor were reduced significantly (P<0.01) with CT supplementation from 1 to 3% levels, though, efficiency of microbial-biomass production increased significantly (P<0.01). Truly degradable organic matter in rumen did not differ significantly (P>0.05) up to 2% CT inclusion. It may be concluded that condensed tannins from tanniferous tree leaves can be used effectively to protect the nitrogen degradation of mustard cake without any adverse effect on substrate degradation.

Key words: Condensed tannins, Mustard oil cake, Organic protectant, Tanniferous tree leaves.

*Corresponding author: dutta65@gmail.com

Rumen Metabolic and Blood Biochemical Profile of Sahiwal Calves and Murrah Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) Calves Fed Diet Containing De-oiled Sal (Shorea robusta) Seed Meal

A. Sandhya, S. Rajagopal, S.P. Tiwari* and Meenu Dubey

Department of Animal Nutrition College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Durg-491 001, India

ABSTRACT

Sandhya, A., Rajagopal, S., Tiwari, S.P. and Dubey, M. 2011. Rumen metabolic and blood biochemical profile of Sahiwal calves and Murrah buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) calves fed diet containing de-oiled sal (Shorea robusta) seed meal. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 11: 123-131.
The study was conducted on fifteen male Sahiwal and fifteen male Murrah buffalo calves of about 12 months age. They were divided into three equal groups of five calves of Sahiwal and five calves of Murrah buffalo in each. In both the cases the animals were fed three concentrate mixtures, T1, T2, and T3. T1 is control without deoiled sal seed meal (DSSM), while T2 and T3 with 35% and 70% DSSM respectively. The other ingredients of concentrate mixture comprised of maize, peanut cake, deoiled rice bran, mineral mixture, salt and vitamin premix (Rovimix). The concentrate mixture contained CP 17% and TDN 65%.. Green Para grass (Brachiara mutica) was offered ad libitum as roughage to all the animals. There was maximum degradation of diet at 4 h followed by 8 and 12 h in both the species. The total volatile fatty acids, total nitrogen, ammonia N and TCA precipitable N concentration in rumen liquor was significantly low due to feeding of 70% DSSM in buffalo calves. In sahiwal calves significantly lower concentration of total N, NH3-N and TCA precipitable N was reported in T2 and T3 as compared to T1. The activity of carboxy methyl cellulase and urease enzyme in the rumen liquor was higher in T1 as compared to T2 and T3 although statistically non significant. Inclusion of DSSM to the levels 35% and 70% in the ration did not significantly alter the plasma protein, albumin, globulin, albumin: globulin ratio, blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, AST, ALT and Alkaline phosphatase concentration in both the species. It is concluded that DSSM was better utilized in buffalo calves as compared to sahiwal calves.

Keywords: Deoiled sal seed meal, Rumen metabolite, Blood biochemical profile.

*Corresponding author: drsptiwari@gmail.com

Effect of Densification of Gram Straw Based Complete Feed on Rumen and Haemato Biochemical Parameters in Magra Lambs

R.K. Dhuria*, T. Sharma and G.R. Purohit

Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary and Animal Science Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner-334 001, India

ABSTRACT

Dhuria, R.K., Sharma, T. and Purohit, G.R. 2011. Effect of densification of gram straw based complete feed on rumen and haemato-biochemical parameters in Magra lambs. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 11: 133-140.
Eight Magra lambs (4-5 m of age and 13.41±0.74 kg BW) were randomly divided into two equal groups and offered complete feed for 120 days containing gram straw (Cicer arietinum) and concentrate mixture in 60:40 ratio in loose and densified form as complete feed block prepared at 4000 psi. Rumen parameters viz., pH, total volatile fatty acids, rumen ammonia nitrogen and total protozoal count were estimated at 0 (before feeding), 3 and 6 h post feeding. Haemato biochemical constituents were also analyzed during 120 days of feeding at fortnightly intervals to adjudge the physiological status of the animals. There was no significant difference in pH, total volatile fatty acids and total protozoal count values among loose and densified form of complete feed fed groups. However, the time of sampling post feeding had significant effect on all the parameters. The rumen ammonia nitrogen concentration was significantly (P<0.01) higher in lambs fed complete feed in loose form than block fed group. regarding haemato biochemical parameters of blood, all the parameters viz., haemoglobin, packed cell volume, blood glucose and total serum protein were well with in the normal range and there was no significant difference among the loose and block form of complete feed. it is concluded that densification of gram straw based complete feed had no adverse effect on rumen and haemato biochemical parameters in magra lambs and complete feed blocks are as efficiently utilized as loose form of feed.

Keywords: Gram straw, Complete feed block, Magra lambs, Rumen fermentation.

*Corresponding author: dhuriark12@yahoo.co.in

ANFT JULY 2011 ISSUES 02

Effects of Daily Oral Administration of Difructose Anhydride III on Health Status, Blood Parameters and Faecal Shedding of Coliform Bacteria of Japanese Black Calves during the Pre-weaning Period

M. Takagi*, H. Hasunuma, D. Matsumoto, T. Obi, K. Takase, M. Ohtani, T. Sato, U. Watanabe, K. Okamoto, T. Tanaka, C. Tshering and E. Deguchi

Laboratory of Farm Animal Production Medicine Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0064, Japan

ABSTRACT

Takagi, M., Hasunuma, H., Matsumoto, D., Obi, T., Takase, K., Ohtani, M., Sato, T., Watanabe, U., Okamoto, K., Tanaka, T., Tshering C. and Deguchi, E. 2011. Effects of daily oral administration of difructose anhydride III on health status, blood parameters and faecal shedding of coliform bacteria of Japanese black calves during the pre-weaning period. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 11: 147-158.
The prebiotic effect of difructose anhydride III (DFA III) as a supplement in milk replacers (MRs) on the health and faecal bacteriological flora of suckling Japanese Black calves was examined. Ten calves were divided into two equal groups (5 calves per group) and fed MR supplemented with or without DFA III. The prebiotic supplement was administered orally twice daily (3 g per administration) from within 5 days after calving to 1 month of age (Day 30). Health, haematology and blood-chemistry, and population of faecal coliforms were assessed at 2-weeks intervals. The number of calves requiring medication for diarrhoea tended to be lower (P=0.08) in the treatment group during the treatment and 1-month follow up periods. The mean total cholesterol concentration differed significantly (P<0.05) at day 14, and the total cholesterol concentration at day 30 and iron concentration at day 14 tend to differ between the groups. additionally, although the number of coliforms at each sampling point decreased significantly (p<0.05) in the treatment group during the DFA III treatment period, no significant change was observed in the number of coliforms of the control group between Day 14 and Day 30. The differences between the groups might reflect the clinical incidence of diarrhoea after calving. The present study revealed the potential benefit of DFA III as a prebiotic for calves during the pre-weaning period.

Key words: Calf, Difructose anhydride III, Prebiotics, Coliform

*Corresponding Author: mtakagi@agri.kagoshima-u.ac.jp

Comparison of Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, Blood Metabolites and Carcass Traits in Korean Native and Crossbred Weaning Piglets

K.H. Kim, J.D. Lohakare*, Sinol Sen, S.L. Ingale, N.K. Singh, C.K. Park, S.J. Lee, N.S. Ipper, L. Huan, M.H. Wang and B.J. Chae

College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University Chuncheon 200-701, South Korea

ABSTRACT

Kim, K.H., Lohakare, J.D., Sen, S., Ingale, S.L., Singh, N.K., Park, C.K., Lee, S.J., Ipper, N.S., Huan, L., Wang, M.H. and Chae, B.J. 2011. Comparison of growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood metabolites and carcass traits in Korean native and crossbred weaning piglets. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 11: 159-167.
The present study elucidated the differences in early-weaned crossbred piglets (CBP) and Korean native black piglets (KNP) with respect to growth performance, nutrient utilization and related parameters when fed on similar diets using 16 each of CBP (Landrace x Yorkshire x Duroc) and KNP after weaning at 21 days of age. Eight piglets in each breed were slaughtered at weaning. Remaining piglets were reared for 21 days and then slaughtered. A common diet with 3500 kcal/kg ME and 22% CP was available for ad libitum consumption for piglets of each breed post-weaning. Blood was collected from these piglets before slaughter to study differences in plasma indices in both breeds. The initial BW was 5.09±0.84 and 3.57±0.34 kg for CBP and KNP, respectively. BW was higher (P<0.001) at the start and at the end of the trial in cbp than knp. the weekly measurements revealed higher (p<0.05) ADG at 1st, 3rd week and for overall period in CBP than KNP, and with a trend (P=0.086) for higher ADG at the 2nd week. The average daily feed intake was also higher (P<0.05) in CBP than KNP at all measurements. The gain to feed ratio tended (P=0.056) to be lower in CBP in 1st week, but was not different at 2nd week, and it was improved for 3rd week and for the overall period in CBP than KNP. The apparent total tract digestibility, assessed at the end of the trial demonstrated higher (P<0.05) digestibility of DM, GE, CP and P in CBP than KNP. The carcass percentage was higher (P<0.05) at weaning in CBP than KNP, but was not different at 21 days after weaning. The plasma amylase tended to be higher (P=0.075) in CBP at weaning and total cholesterol was higher (P=0.035) in KNP at 21 days. No other plasma constituents were different among the breeds. Overall, this study demonstrated the differences in growth, nutrient digestibility, carcass weight and certain plasma constituents between CBP and KNP around weaning.

Key words: Korean native black piglets, Crossbred piglets, Performance, Nutrient digestibility, Blood metabolites.

*Corresponding author: jayant@kangwon.ac.kr

Supplementing Probiotics (GalliPro) to Broiler Chicken on Growth Performance, Immunity and Gut Microbial Population

A.V. Elangovan*, A.B. Mandal, A.K. Shrivastav and A.S. Yadhav

Central Avian Research Institute Izatnagar-243 122, India

ABSTRACT

Elangovan, A.V., Mandal, A.B., Shrivastav, A.K. and Yadhav, A.S. 2011. Supplementing probiotics (GalliPro) to broiler chicken on growth performance, immunity and gut microbial population. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 11: 169-176.
An experiment was conducted with broiler chicks reared simultaneously in cages and in floor with 0, 500 g probiotic GalliPro (Bacillus subtilis) from day old to 6 weeks of age. For floor experiment, 16 floor pens each with 20 chicks (8 pens per treatment) were used whereas for cage experiment, 40 cages with 8 chicks per cage (20 cages per treatment) were used. Body weight gain, feed intake and FCR did not differ (P>0.05) either due to probiotic supplementation or rearing system. Cell-mediated immune response was non-significant whereas humoral response was higher (P<0.05) in caged birds with probiotic supplementation. The intestinal and crop microbial counts (Total plate count, coliforms, Staphylococcus aureus and yeast and mould) were lower on probiotic supplementation. The carcass traits were non significant either due to rearing system or probiotic supplementation. Study envisaged GalliPro did not influence the growth performance of broilers reared in cages or floor, but was helpful in humoral immuno-responsiveness and reducing entero-pathogens of the crop and intestine.

Key words: Broiler, Probiotics, Growth, Immunity, Microbial count.

*Corresponding author: avelango@yahoo.co.in

Mineral Profile of Feeds, Fodders and Animals in Mid-Central Table Land Zone of Orissa

R.K. Singh, S.K. Mishra*, R.K. Swain, P.K. Dehuri and G.R. Sahoo

Department of Animal Nutrition College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology Bhubaneswar-751 003, India

ABSTRACT

Singh, R.K., Mishra, S.K., Swain, R.K., Dehuri, P.K. and Sahoo, G.R. 2011. Mineral profile of feeds, fodders and animals in mid-central table land zone of Orissa. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology,11: 177-184.
Sample of feeds and fodders and serum samples of cows in eight villages, two from each block and two blocks from each of the two districts namely Dhenkanal and Angul of mid-central table land zone (MCTLZ) of Orissa were collected and analyzed for macro and micro mineral content. Among the fodders, paddy straw was found to be deficient in calcium, phosphorus and manganese. Deficiency of P was observed in most of the fodders. Most of the concentrate found to contained higher level of the analyzed minerals. The average serum Ca, P, zinc, copper, Mn and iron content of cows in MCTLZ were found to be 6.91±0.13 mg/dl, 3.25±0.08 mg/dl, 0.78±0.02 ppm, 0.70±0.01 ppm, 0.29±0.01 ppm and 2.17±0.06 ppm, respectively. The percentage of animals deficient in serum Ca, P, Zn, Cu and Mn were observed to be 69.1, 83.3, 29.1, 44.1 and 8.3 percent, respectively. The serum mineral content of the animals of MCTLZ was found to be deficient in Ca, P, Zn and Cu. The serum glucose, cholesterol, protein, albumin and globulin content of the animals in MCTLZ were 38.06±1.08 mg/dl, 64.26 ±2.13 mg/dl, 4.42±0.10 g/dl, 2.26 ±0.06 g/dl and 2.16±0.07 g/dl, respectively. Based on the study, supplementation of deficient minerals viz. Ca, P, Zn and Cu and protein and energy in the diet of cattle under existing feeding practices in MCTLZ of Orissa is imperative for better health and productivity.

Key words: Feeds and Fodders, Animals, Mineral, Biochemical, Mid-central table land zone.

*Corresponding author: sumantkmishra@gmail.com

The Investigation of In Vitro Fermentation of Sugarcane Pith Treated with Low Temperature Steam and Sulfuric Acid by Isolated Rumen Microbial Fractions

Morteza Chaji* and Tahereh Mohammadabadi

Department of Animal Science Ramin Agriculture and Natural Resource University, Molasani, Ahvaz, Iran

ABSTRACT

Chaji, M. and Mohammadabadi, T. 2011. The investigation of in vitro fermentation of sugarcane pith treated with low temperature steam and sulfuric acid by isolated rumen microbial fractions. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 11: 185-193.
The aim of this experiment was to determine the effect of low temperature steam (134ºC, 120 min) with or without H2SO4 (0.0, 6, 12 and 18 g/kg DM) on fermentative activity and nutritive value of sugarcane pith in in vitro gas production by ruminal microbial fractions, total rumen microorganism (TM), bacterial (B), protozoal (P), fungal (F), bacterial plus protozoal (BP), bacterial plus fungal (BF), and protozoal plus fungal (PF). The results showed low temperature steam resulted in significant increase rate (c) and potential gas production (b) by all microbial groups, as the highest (b) (110.92 ml) was for condition 18 g/kg DM acid and lowest (78.4 ml) for 0.0 g/kg DM acid and occurred in TM group. The highest gas produced by total microorganism that followed by BF and BP fractions for both samples. In vitro cell wall degradation, organic matter digestibility and metabolisable energy of sugarcane pith treated with 18 g/kg acid was the highest and microbial biomass production was the lowest for all microbial groups. Therefore, it appears that the nutritive value, gas production and degradability of sugarcane pith by rumen microbial fractions are influenced by low temperature stream and H2SO4.

Key words: Sugarcane pith, Low temperature steam, Processing, Rumen microorganism.

*Corresponding author: chaji@raminuni.ac.ir

Seasonal Variation in Eating Behaviour and Nutritive Value of Mixed Jungle Grass for Goats

A. Das*, D. De and S. Katole

ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Sikkim Centre Tadong, Gangtok-737 102, India

ABSTRACT

Das, A., De, D. and Katole, S. 2011. Seasonal variation in eating behaviour and nutritive value of mixed jungle grass for goats. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 11: 195-202.
Seasonal variation in biomass yield, herbal and chemical composition, samples of mixed jungle grass were assessed by conducting three digestibility trials during the month of August (monsoon), December (winter) and May (summer). During each period, 4 Sikkim local adult, non-producing does (body weight 19.1±1.8 kg) were stall fed with mixed jungle grass ad libitum. After a preliminary feeding period of 22 days a digestibility trial of 5-day collection period was conducted during each of the season mentioned. Biomass yield of the pasture of mid altitude location of Sikkim was maximum during monsoon, followed by winter and summer. DM and CF contents were significantly (P<0.01) less and cp content was significantly (p<0.01) more in samples collected during monsoon in comparison to those collected during winter and summer. The time spent on rumination during summer month was higher (P<0.01) than monsoon Time spent on eating (min) per 100g DM was 42.40, 37.08 and 42.23 in summer, monsoon and winter, respectively. Time spent (min) on ruminating per 100g DM was higher (P<0.01) in summer months (124.75) as compared with monsoon (86.63) and winter (108.15). Dry matter intake and digestibility was significantly (P<0.01) higher in monsoon than summer and winter. Nutritive value of mixed jungle grass in terms of DCP and TDN content was found to be significantly (P<0.01) higher in monsoon season as compared to winter and summer. It was concluded that quality of pasture was superior during monsoon in comparison to winter and summer.

Key words: Mixed jungle grass, Goat, Eating behaviour, Nutritive value.

*Corresponding author: drasitdas@rediffmail.com

Effect of Replacing Soybean Meal and Dicalcium Phosphate in the Diets with Alternative Ingredients and Phytase Supplementation on Growth and Nutrient Balance in Broiler Chicken

N.V. Jadhav*, M.D. Suranagi, S.N. Anjaneya, Prakashchandra and S. Mallikarjunappa

Department of Livestock Production Management Veterinary College, Bidar-585 401, India

ABSTRACT

Jadhav, N.V., Suranagi, M.D., Anjaneya, S.N., Prakashchandra and Mallikarjunappa, S. 2011. Effect of replacing soybean meal and dicalcium phosphate in the diets with alternative ingredients and phytase supplementation on growth and nutrient balance in broiler chicken. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 11: 203-210.
The study was conducted for evaluating the effect of phytase supplementation on growth and nutrient balance in broiler chicken fed diets containing sunflower meal (SFM) as a partial replacement for soybean meal and two different levels of dicalcium phosphate (DCP) with or without exogenous phytase. The experiment was carried out using 300 broilers from 1 to 35 day of age. There were 5 dietary treatments in each with 4 replicates of 15 birds in each. Soybean meal in control diet was partially replaced using 20% SFM with either 1 or 2 percent DCP supplementation; each level of DCP was again supplemented with 500 FTU/kg of a commercial phytase. Phytase supplemented chickens recorded significantly (P<0.01) higher body weight, feed conversion ratio and dressing yield when compared with non-supplemented birds. the nutrient retention was significantly (p<0.01) higher in the broilers supplemented with phytase compared to non-supplemented rations. The economic benefit analysis (on feed cost) revealed higher net returns in broilers fed with rations having alternative ingredients and supplemented with phytase when compared with birds on reference diet. It can be concluded that SFM can replace SBM by 20 percent along with 50 percent substitution of DCP by limestone when supplemented with phytase.

Key words: Dicalcium phosphate, Phytase, Sunflower meal, Broiler chicken, Performance.

*Corresponding author: nvjadhav2007@rediffmail.com

Availability of Feed Resources and Animal Feeding Practices in Pauri District of Uttarakhand

Saraswati Shukla, D.P. Tiwari*, Anil Kumar and B.C. Mondal

Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar-263 145, India

ABSTRACT

Shukla, S., Tiwari, D.P., Kumar, A. and Mondal, B.C. 2011. Availability of feed resources and animal feeding practices in Pauri district of Uttarakhand. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 11: 211-219.
A survey was conducted through common questionnaire to find out the existing animal feeding practices followed by the farmers (15 in each village) belonging to four villages, two each from Kotdwar and Lansdown tehsils in Pauri district (hill region) of Uttarakhand. Based on the land holding farmers were categorized into landless (3.33%), marginal (36.67%), small (46.66%) and medium (13.33%) with family size ranging from 5.53 to 6.87. It was observed that landless, marginal, small and medium farmers had 3.38, 41.22, 36.15 and 19.26 per cent of total livestock population, respectively. The average milk production ranged from 2.30 to 13.90 lts. /day/ family. Animals were stall fed in the morning and evening and allowed for grazing during day time. The livestock owners of the target area used to feed wide range of common green grasses, tree leaves, cultivated fodders and dry fodder. In both tehsils, concentrate feeding included commercial concentrate pellet, readymade concentrate mixture, wheat bran and homemade concentrate mixture. There was no practice of providing mineral mixture to the animals while 76.67 per cent farmers used to provide common salt to their livestock in both the tehsils. The major reproductive problems observed in the study area were anoestrus (16.67 and 23.33% in Kotdwar and Lansdown tehsils, respectively), repeat breeding (20.00 and 23.33% in Kotdwar and Lansdown tehsil, respectively) and others like prolapse of uterus, dystocia etc. (10.00 and 11.66% in Kotdwar and Lansdown tehsils, respectively). Long calving interval (cattle 17.10 and buffaloes 20.24 months) and higher age at first calving (cattle 3.76 and buffaloes 3.91 yrs) were also observed. Animals of surveyed area exhibited negative balance for DM, DCP and TDN intakes. It was concluded that animals must be provided adequate amount of feeds and fodder along with mineral mixture supplementation to sustain dairy enterprises.

Key words: Animal feeding practices, Farmers, Feed resources, Livestock, Nutrients, Reproductive problems.

*Corresponding author: dptiwari4@rediffmail.com

Effect of Vitamin E Supplementation on Growth and Meat Quality of Male Murrah Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) Calves

R.S. Dass*, S.K. Mendiratta, K.P. Bhadane, Vishal Mudgal and V. Lakshmanan

Mineral and Vitamin Nutrition Laboratory Centre of Advanced Faculty Training in Animal Nutrition Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243 122, India

ABSTRACT

Dass, R.S., Mendiratta, S.K., Bhadane, K.P., Mudgal, V. and Lakshmanan, V. 2011. Effect of vitamin E supplementation on growth and meat quality of male Murrah buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) calves. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 11: 221-231.
An experiment was conducted on 15 male Murrah buffalo calves (194.0±0.64 kg BW and 14-15 months) to assess the effect of vitamin E supplementation on growth performance and meat quality. The buffalo calves were fed on a standard diet supplemented with 0, 300 and 600 IU vitamin E (α-tocopherol acetate) in group I, II and III, respectively. Feeding continued till the animals attained the slaughter weight of 350 kg. Immediately after sacrificing the animals, carcass samples were collected to study the meat quality. Growth performance of the calves was similar among the groups. Chemical composition of three different muscle samples of carcass showed no variations among the groups for CP, OM, pH and sensory attributes. Moisture content was significantly (P<0.05) higher in semitendinosus (st) muscles of group iii. peroxide value decreased (p<0.05) and shear force values increased (P<0.05) from group I to III. Total heme pigments in all the groups showed non-significant (P>0.05) variation except for ST muscle, where supplementation of vitamin E decreased the THP. However, Lovibond tintometer color units for red showed no distinguish trend in three groups. Concentration of vitamin E (μg/g) in the three muscles was higher (P<0.01) in vitamin E supplemented than control group. It may be concluded that supplementation of 300 IU of vitamin E/animal/day increased the muscle vitamin E concentration and shear force value, and reduced the peroxide value of meat.

Key words: Buffalo calves, Meat quality, Vitamin E, Growth.

*Corresponding author: rsd@ivri.up.res.in

Effect of Replacing Groundnut Cake with Various Nitrogen Sources of Arid Region on Nutrient Utilization and Rumen Fermentation Pattern in Marwari Goats

Sanjita Sharma*, Vishnu Sharma and G.R. Purohit

Department of Animal Nutrition College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Bikaner-334 006, India

ABSTRACT

Sharma, S., Sharma, V. and Purohit, G.R. 2011. Effect of replacing groundnut cake with various nitrogen sources of arid region on nutrient utilization and rumen fermentation pattern in Marwari goats. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 11: 233-240.
An experiment was conducted to assess the effect of replacing groundnut cake with different nitrogen sources of arid zone on feed intake, nutrient utilization and rumen fermentation pattern. Various sources used were tumba (Citrullus colocynthis), taramira (Eruca sativa) and matira (Citrullus lanatus) oilseed cakes and compared with conventional groundnut cake in beri pala (Ziziphus nummularia) leaf based complete diets for Marwari goats. A metabolic trial was conducted on 16 mature bucks. The control diet (T1) contained 50:50 concentrate-roughage ratio with conventional protein source groundnut cake (GNC). In experimental diets 50 per cent nitrogen of GNC was replaced by Tumba (T2), Taramira (T3) and Matira (T4) oilseed cakes. No significant difference was observed for digestibility of various nutrients except fibre. In T2 group i.e. tumba cake, CF digestibility vary significantly (P<0.05) with t3 group i.e. taramira seed cake. statistically no significant differences was observed for digestible dry matter intake (ddmi), digestible crude protein (dcp) and total digestible nutrients (tdn). all the animals of four treatment groups had positive balances regarding nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus and no significant differences was observed for rumen parameters viz., rumen ph, total volatile fatty acids, rumen ammonia nitrogen and total protozoal count. study suggests that 50 per cent nitrogen of gnc can be easily replaced with tumba, taramira and matira seed cakes for effective goat production in arid regions.

Key words: Nitrogen sources, Arid region, Nutrient utilization, Marwari goat.

*Corresponding author: drsanjitas@yahoo.co.in

Effect of Induced Oxalate Toxicity by ad libitum Feeding of Napier Grass (Pennisetum purpureum) on Health of Buffalo Calves

G. Bajaj, P.S. Dhaliwal, J.S. Hundal and M. Choubey*

Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University Ludhiana-141004, India

ABSTRACT

Bajaj, G., Dhaliwal, P.S., Hundal, J.S. and Choubey, M. 2011. Effect of induced oxalate toxicity by ad libitum feeding of napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum) on health of buffalo calves. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 11: 241-248.
The present study was taken up to evaluate the effect of oxalate toxicity on health of male buffalo calves. Oxalate toxicity was experimentally induced by ad lib feeding of overgrown Napier grass (above 125 cm) with deprivation of water. The haemato-biochemical, physiological and ruminal parameters were recorded at zero day of experiment were taken as control values. The crude protein, neutral detergent fibre and total oxalate content of overgrown Napier grass were varied from 6.69% to 4.35%, 63.0% to 69.8% and 1.80% to 2.43% respectively. Feeding of overgrown Napier grass declined rumen protozoa concentration from ++++ to + and decreased (P<0.01) rumen motility (2.80 />2 min to 0.00/2 min) on 44th day of experiment in addition to the altered body temperature, pulse rate and respiration rate. The leukocyte count of calves increased (P<0.01) from 9.68 to 16.92x10 />mm3 with significantly decrease in packed cell volume from 31.80 to 26.67 and slight increase in haemoglobin from 10.47 to 10.92 g/dl. Rise (P<0.01) in plasma creatinine from 0.81 to 1.79 mg />dl and blood urea nitrogen from 8.90 to 12.88 mg/dl were also observed with slight increase in aspartate amino transferase enzyme activity at the peak of experiment. The significant (P<0.01) decrease in plasma calcium level from 9.13 to 6.19 mg />dl along with decrease in inorganic phosphorus level (from 5.72 to 3.94 mg/dl) lead to hypocalcaemia. Hence, it was concluded that oxalate toxicity decreases rumen protozoa concentration, plasma calcium and phosphorus level leading to hypocalcaemia resulted in significant reduction of rumen motility and consequently develops rumen impaction in calves.

Key words: Oxalate toxicity, Napier grass, Buffalo calves, Hypocalcaemia, Impaction.

*Corresponding author: mahipalvet@gmail.com

Transgene Fragments in the Blood and Tissue of Chicken Fed with Genetically Modified Soy and Maize

L. Hanusova, V. Rehout and J. Citek*

Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding South Bohemia University, CZ 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic

ABSTRACT

Hanusova, L., Rehout, V. and Citek, J. 2011. Transgene fragments in the blood and tissue of chicken fed with genetically modified soy and maize. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 11: 249-256.
The aim was to evaluate the transfer of DNA fragments into the blood, kidney and liver of broilers fed with diet containing the genetically modified (GM) Roundup Ready soybean GTS40-3-2, and the genetically modified Bt maize MON 810. Unsexed broilers ROSS 308 were used, animals were fed by diet with the same nutritional composition and components, except of GM soybean and maize. The diet for the first experimental group contained GM soybean, for the second group GM maize corn, for the third both GM soy and maize, and for the control GM-free soybean and maize. The experiments was done on day old chicks upto the 42nd day of life. Control genes and transgene fragments were amplified by PCR. Fragments of control soy lectin gene were detected in 7 blood samples out of 118, and in 18 liver samples out of 20. Fragments of control maize HMG gene was present in 5 blood samples out of 118, liver and kidney were negative. The control gene positive samples were from all three experimental groups, the control group was negative. Transgene fragments of Roundup Ready soybean were found in 11 blood samples out of 118, and in 3 liver samples out of 20 in the experimental group fed with GM soybean, kidney was negative. For maize transgene, 19 blood samples out of 118 were positive, allways in the experimental group fed with GM maize, liver and kidney were negative. Nutritional safety was not compromised by the analysis, as only the fragments were looked for, not whole genes.

Key words: Chicken, Transgene DNA, Roundup Ready soya, Bt maize.

*Corresponding author: citek@zf.jcu.cz

Effects of Replacement of Fish Meal with Plant Protein Sources (Soybean Meal and Corn Gluten) on Growth and Carcass Composition of Rutilus frisii kutum Fingerlings

Erfan Shahkar*, Ali Shahkar and Hadisseh Dadrass

Islamic Azad University, Lahijan Branch Fishery and Aquaculture Department P.O. Box 1616, Lahijan, Iran

ABSTRACT

Shahkar, K., Shahkar, A. and Dadrass, H. 2011. Effects of replacement of fish meal with plant protein sources (soybean meal and corn gluten) on growth and carcass composition of Rutilus frisii kutum fingerlings. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 11: 257-264.
Rutilus frisii kutum fingerlings (n=480) with initial body weight 2.32±0.09 g and initial body length 6.04±0.12 g were fed diets that contained crude protein 43%; gross energy 4362 kcal/kg DM; Crude fat 11% including graded levels of soybean meal and corn gluten meal. A growth trial was conducted over 8 weeks. At the end of the growth trial, the body composition analysis were measured. Replacement of fish meal with soybean meal and corn gluten (9 to 15% replacement) did not significantly (P>0.05) affect on growth performance. Proximate composition was affected (P<0.05) by dietary treatments. this study showed that soybean meal and corn gluten meal have potential to replace substantial levels of fish meal in diets (15%) for omnivorous fish without compromising performance.

Keywords: Corn gluten, Soybean meal, Feeding, Rutilus frissi kutum.

*Corresponding author: e.shahkar@gmail.com

Effect of Varying Levels of Dietary Lipids on Growth and Body Composition of Labeo bata Fingerlings

B.N. Paul*, A.K. Datta, S.S. Giri, and S.N. Mohanty

Wastewater Aquaculture Division Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, P.O. Rahara, Kolkata-700 118, India

ABSTRACT

Paul, B.N., Datta, A.K., Giri, S.S. and Mohanty, S.N. 2011. Effect of varying levels of dietary lipids on growth and body composition of Labeo bata fingerlings. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 11: 265-270.
A 60-days feeding experiment was conducted to evaluate the lipid requirement of Labeo bata fingerling (avg. wt. 2.87 g). Graded levels of dietary lipids were incorporated at 2 (L2), 4 (L4), 6 (L6), 8 (L8) and 10 (L10) percent levels in the semi purified diet. The semi purified diets consisted of casein, gelatin, dextrin and carboxymethyl cellulose. The net weight gain were 2.10±0.06, 2.41±0.04, 2.60±0.06, 3.10±0.06 and 2.75±0.03 g respectively in different treatment groups. The net weight gain and specific growth rate was significantly (P<0.01) higher in l8 in comparison to other lipid levels. the feed conversion ratio was significantly lower in l8. the carcass composition was significantly influenced by incorporation of different lipid levels. carcass protein and lipid content increased with increasing lipid levels upto 8% level.. the study revealed that among the lipid levels tested, 8% lipid in diet was found to be optimum for growth performance of l. bata.

Keywords: Growth, Feed conversion ratio, Labeo bata, Lipid requirement, Carcass composition.

*Corresponding author: bnp63@rediffmail.com

Copper, Zinc and Iron Status of Milk and Hair Samples of Dairy Animals in Haryana

Kaushalendra Kumar* and Neelam Kewalramani

Dairy Cattle Nutrition Division National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132 001, India

ABSTRACT

Kumar, K. and Kewalramani, N. 2011. Copper, zinc and iron status of milk and hair samples of dairy animals in Haryana. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 11: 271-276.
In order to assess the status of copper, zinc and iron in milk and hair of animals of all the districts of Haryana state, a survey work was carried out. All the districts were divided into two zones on the basis of different agro-climatic conditions. The deficiency of copper and zinc were observed in milk samples. In Zone I, 41.0% of buffalo milk samples were found to be deficient in copper compared to 18.2% in Zone II. In case of cows the copper deficiency was 57.7% and 28.2% in Zone I and II respectively. The deficiency of zinc in buffalo milk was 64.3 and 44.6 percent in Zone I and II respectively, with the respective value of 76.6% and 56.04% in case of cows. With respect to iron, all the samples of milk contained iron in a normal range. The samples of buffalo and cow hair collected from various districts of Haryana suggested a deficiency of copper and zinc whereas, the iron content was found to be adequate. It was concluded that there is a need to supplement area specific mineral mixture to fulfill the deficiency of copper and zinc in dairy animals in Haryana.

Keywords: Copper, Zinc, Iron, Milk, Hair, Haryana.

*Corresponding author: drkaushalivri@gmail.com

Nutritional Status of Dairy Animals of Undulating Plain Zone of Punjab

S. Kaushal, M. Wadhwa, J.S. Hundal, K. Kaur and M.P.S. Bakshi*

Department of Animal Nutrition Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana-141 004

ABSTRACT

Kaushal, S., Wadhwa, M., Hundal, J.S., Kaur, K. and Bakshi, M.P.S. 2011. Nutritional status of dairy animals of undulating plain zone of Punjab. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 11: 277-284.
The objective of this study was to assess the nutritional status of dairy animals with respect to macro nutrients in the Undulating Plain Zone (UPZ) of Punjab, covering part of Hoshiarpur and Gurdaspur districts. Using stratified random sampling technique, feed and fodder samples (n=173) and on the spot milk and urine samples (n=320) were collected. The body weight of the dairy animals between the two districts were comparable, but milk yield/animal/day was higher (P<0.05) in animals of gurdaspur district than that of hoshiarpur district (5.63 vs. 4.66 kg). the relative proportion of concentrate was lower (p<0.01) in the diet of animals of Hoshiarpur district as compared to that in Gurdaspur district (8.8 vs. 17.7%), reverse trend was observed in the roughage proportion i.e. 91.2 vs. 82.3%, respectively. The CP and EE content of the diet offered was less than the actual recommended (12-17% CP and 3% EE, respectively), while the NDF content was higher than the actual recommended level (≤28%) for complete feed. The daily DM and CP intake were as per the requirements but the EE intake was much less than required by the animals in Hoshiarpur and Gurdaspur district i.e. 34.3 and 39%, respectively. Only 2% farmers in Gurdaspur and 25% farmers in Hoshiarpur district were supplementing the diet with mineral mixture. On an average 37.6% of the farmers complained about reproductive problems faced by their animals. The milk urea nitrogen (MUN) was higher (P<0.05) in Gurdaspur than in Hoshiarpur district (13.0 vs 5.1 mM/l). Urinary excretion of allantoin, uric acid and the total purine derivatives by the animals of Gurdaspur District was higher as compared to Hoshiarpur district, but the differences were statistically non significant. The higher supply of microbial nitrogen, along with better efficiency of nitrogen utilization may be responsible for higher milk yield by animals of Gurdaspur district. It was concluded that the animals in UPZ were underfed.

Keywords: Dairy animals, Milk urea nitrogen, Nutritional status, Urinary purine derivatives, Undulating plain zone, Punjab.

*Corresponding author: bakshimps@yahoo.com

Effect of Feeding Different Levels of Cereal Green Fodder on the Performance of Crossbred Cows

Bacchu Singh, J.L. Chaudhary* and C.M. Yadav

Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology Chittorgarh-312 001, India

ABSTRACT

Singh, B., Chaudhary, J.L. and Yadav, C.M. 2011. Effect of feeding different levels of cereal green fodder on the performance of crossbred cows. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 11: 285-292.
Sixteen lactating crossbred cows in early stage of lactation were divided in to four groups of four animals each on the basis of body weight and milk yield and randomly allotted to four dietary treatments viz. T1 : no green fodder, T2, T3 and T4 with 10, 20 and 40 kg maize green fodder, respectively. All the animals were offered wheat straw ad libitum with concentrate mixture as per requirement. The daily DMI and TDN intake was significantly (P<0.05) higher in cows under t4 as compared to those under t2 or t1. however, tdn consumption between t4 and t3 groups was similar. no significant differences were observed in water consumption among the groups. the average digestibility of dm, om, cp and nfe were comparable among the treatments. however, digestibility of cf and ee were significantly (p<0.05) higher in T4 group (60.15 and 72.37 per cent) as compared to T1 (53.55 and 65.79 per cent). The daily milk yield and fat percent were significantly (P<0.05) higher in T4 than in T3, T2 and T1 cows. Similar trends were also observed in case of SNF and total solids in milk. The 4% FCM yield was significantly (P<0.05) higher in T4 than in T3, T2 and T1 groups. Further, 4% FCM yield in T3 group was significantly (P<0.05) higher as compared to T1 group. Similar trend was also followed for SCM yield. The post partum oestrus, service period and number of service per conception were not influenced by the treatments. It may be concluded that feeding of green maize to crossbred cows at 40 kg/day into nutrient utilization and milk production.

Keywords: Cercal green fodder, Nutrient digestibility, Milk yield crossbred cows.

*Corresponding author: chaudharyjl@yahoo.com

Role of Biotin in Hoof Health and Milk Production of Dairy Cows

Yajuvendra Singh*, S.S. Lathwal, S.K. Tomar, B.K. Roy, A. Sharma, T.V. Raja, R.L. Dangi, P.C. Sharma, Munendra and Gulab Chandra

Livestock Production and Management Section National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana-132 001, India

ABSTRACT

Singh, Y., Lathwal, S.S., Tomar, S.K., Roy, B.K., Sharma, A., Raja, T.V., Dangi, R.L., Sharma, P.C., Munendra and Chandra, G. 2011. Role of biotin in hoof health and milk production of dairy cows. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 11: 293-302.
Biotin, a water soluble vitamin of B complex group, is naturally present in the diet of dairy animals. Though it is synthesized in the rumen of all ruminants but its bioavailability depends upon the type of ration formulated and presented to the dairy animals. Generally, a high proteinacious diet contains more biotin. High forage and low concentrate diet in general favours high biotin synthesis in rumen. Biotin is specially required for production of keratin and the epidermal tissues of hoof-horn as well as it may also have other metabolic effects that could influence milk production. Biotin is a cofactor of three different enzymes needed for synthesis of glucose and one required for synthesis of fatty acids. Thus, biotin supplementation may be helpful in the improvement of hoof health as well as in increasing milk production of dairy animals.

Keywords: Biotin, Hoof health, Keratin, Dairy animals

*Corresponding author: yuvi_only@rediffmail.com