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ANFT JANUARY 2002 ISSUES 01

ABSTRACT

The processing of rawhides and skins generate large quantities of solid wastes, which are conjugates of protein with carbohydrate and fat. A survey was conducted from 1993 -1995 in 91 tanneries around Chennai to evaluate the availability of these solid wastes. The survey showed that 150 tons of limed fleshings and 2448 tons of chrome shavings were produced in 91 tanneries during 1994-95. An estimate suggests that 140 tons of fleshings, 60 tons of chrome shavings and 40 tons of trimmings are generated per day in Tamil Nadu. The utilization of these wastes have great significance in the environmental perspective. The limed fleshings can be converted into fleshing meal, trimmings into dog chews and chrome shavings into leather meal. Since the raw by-products of these meals are available in large quantities in tanneries, it is recommended that they may be incorporated as dietary source of animal protein in the poultry feeds.

Key words: Solid wastes, Leather industry, Alternative feeds.

ABSTRACT

An experiment was conducted on one week old broilers to see the effect of supplementing exogenous enzymes on the performance of the broilers. Avizyme-1500, a commercial multi-enzyme mixture was supplemented at a level of 0.1% in the wheat and rice kani based diets and fed to the broilers from 1-6 weeks of age. The data indicated that body weight and gain in weight of the broilers was significantly (P<0.01) affected by supplementing the enzymes. treatment means for body weights and gain in weight significantly (p<0.05) differed from each other. Feed consumption of broilers fed wheat plus avizyme diet was significantly (P<0.01) less than the other dietary treatments. Enzyme supplementation significantly (P<0.05) improved the feed conversion, protein consumed per unit gain and caloric conversion ratio over the non-supplemented groups. Irrespective of the enzyme, the performance of birds fed wheat or rice kani diets with respect to weight gain, feed consumption, efficiency of feed, protein and energy utilization was significantly (P<0.01) better in rice kani based diets. Similarly, the cumulative effects of avizyme irrespective of the cereals indicated significant (P<0.01) reduction in feed consumption along with significant (P<0.01) improvement in the efficiency of dry matter and energy utilization.

Key words: Enzyme, Wheat, Rice kani, Broilers.

ABSTRACT

A survey was conducted in the new alluvial zone of West Bengal to find out the role of feeding practice and farm management system on certain micronutrient status of dairy cattle. Farmers were divided into three categories viz. small, medium and large according to the size of their animal holding and allied economic criteria. Grazing and feeding of paddy straw was common in all the three groups of farmers. Supplementing the animals with single unit concentrate (deoiled rice bran, DORB or mustard cake) or multiple unit concentrate (DORB, mustard cake, gram or mung chuni and wheat bran) was found in the medium and large farmers, respectively. No difference was found in the plasma concentrations of Ca (10.40, 10.27 and 10.24 mg %), P (5.78,5.66 and 5.56 mg %), Cu (0.94, 0.88 and 0.81 ppm), Fe (3.68, 2.60 and 2.59 ppm) and Zn (1.91, 1.84 and 1.79 ppm) observed in the animals of small, medium and large categories of farmers, respectively. The Ca and P were deficient in paddy straw (0.07-0.17 and 0.01-0.07 mg%, respectively). Ca deficiency was observed in wheat bran (0.09-0.15 mg%) and gram chuni (0.13-0.24 mg%). Fe concentration in all the feeds and fodders was far above the normal critical level. Marginal Cu deficiency in hybrid napier (2.7-3.0 ppm) and that of Zn was observed in para grass (20.0-23.0 ppm) and gram chuni (12.4-16.8 ppm). Other feeds and fodder were found to be fairly rich in these micronutrients which could fulfil the requirements of the animals within the limits of their intake.

Key words: Dairy cattle, Micronutrient, Blood plasma, New Alluvial Zone.

ABSTRACT

Present experiment was conducted to study the effect of feeding neem seed kernel cake (NSKC) and water washed NSKC (WWNSKC) on rumen fermentation pattern and enzyme profile. Three rumen fistulated crossbred male calves (198±5.7 kg) were fed 3 different iso-nitrogenous concentrate mixtures having either deoiled groundnut cake (DGNC, control, A), neem seed kernel cake (NSKC, B) or water washed NSKC (WWNSKC, C) as the major protein source in a 3 X 3 switch over Latin square design. Strained rumen liquor (SRL) and rumen content (RC) samples were collected after 4 hr of concentrate feeding for 3 consecutive days after three weeks of experimental feeding on each ration in each phase. Feeding of NSKC and WWNSKC, while had no adverse effect on rumen pH, total volatile fatty acids concentration, holotrichs count, and activities of amylase, xylanase and CM-cellulase; there was, however, a significant depression in the total-N, NH3-N, TCA soluble-N, total protozoa count, and activities of urease and protease enzymes. Medium size and total spirotrichs were, while significantly reduced with the feeding of NSKC, these were comparable in WWNSKC and DGNC groups. It was deduced that the medium size and total pirotrich protozoa count may be used as an indicator to test if a neem seed cake has been properly water washed and made suitable for animal feeding.

Key words: Neem seed cake, Processing, Rumen fermentation, Calves.

ABSTRACT

Ten Murrah Buffalo calves above 6 month of age were divided into two groups of 5 each. All the animals were fed on a concentrate mixture (CP=22.19%), green oats (2 kg) and wheat straw ad lib. The animals under group II (G-II) received supplemental methionine (10 g/d/head) and lysine (20 g/d/head) while other group (G-I) not receiving methionine and lysine served as control. The feeding trial continued for 100 days and a metabolism trial of 7 days collection period was conducted at mid-period of the trial. During the experimental period the growth rate was significantly (p<0.05) higher in g-ii (0.523 kg />d), than in G-I (0.37 kg/d). Amino acids supplementation also improved (p<0.05) digestibility of ndf while that of dm, om, cp, cf, adf were similar to the corresponding control values. the daily dm intake per 100 kg body weight (2.38 in g-ii vs 2.13 in g-i) was higher (p<0.01) in G-II. The calves of G-II also consumed (p<0.01) more protein than G-I. Feed gain and TDN: gain ratio did not differ statistically. It was concluded that methionine and lysine supplementation had a significant and positive effect on dry matter intake and body weight gain.

Key words: Methionine, Lysine, Nutrient utilization, Growth, Buffalo.

ABSTRACT

In vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of untreated (UMS) and alkaline hydrogen peroxide (1.0% NaOH+1.5% H2O2; w/w) treated mustard straw (AHPMS) was assessed at various inclusion levels of concentrate (0, 20, 30, 40 and 50 per cent of substrate on DM basis), replacing 0, 14, 28, 42 and 100 per cent CP or equivalent nitrogen (N) content of the substrate through urea. Substrate having various combinations of concentrate (5 levels) and N replacement (5 levels) with UMS and AHPMS (2 straw type) were incubated for 48 h in an in vitro fermentation system. Effect of all the three factors (straw type, levels of concentrate, levels of N replacement) on IVDMD of UMS and AHPMS were significant (P<0.01). the ahp treatment of mustard straw (ms) improved ivdmd of ms by four units. a significant (p< 0.01) linear correlation (r2=0.81) was observed with IVDMD and the levels of concentrate additions in the substrate incubated with UMS or AHPMS. Within the straw type, the response of AHPMS was higher (P<0.05) to every incremental level of concentrate inclusion in the substrate. The N replacement levels and IVDMD of UMS and AHPMS was negatively correlated (r2= -0.79). Whereas, the IVDMD of straw portion of UMS and AHPMS showed a different pattern and it was higher at 20 to 30 per cent concentrate inclusion with 14 to 28 percent N replacement levels respectively in UMS and AHPMS. There was no associated effect of concentrate levels vs N replacement levels, straw type vs N replacement levels and concentrate level vs N replacement levels vs straw type. It is concluded that a mustard straw (untreated or treated) based diet containing 20-30 per cent concentrate mixture is suitable to support optimum rumen fermentation in vitro. The urea can be used to replace 14 to 28 per cent dietary nitrogen without any adverse effect on in vitro fermentation of mustard straw based diets. The study suggests that a mustard straw based complete diet can be formulated with 20 to 30 per cent concentrate and 0.59 to 1.18 per cent urea in total diet.

Key words: Mustard straw, Urea, Concentrate, Nitrogen, In vitro, Dry matter digestibility.

ABSTRACT

An experiment was conducted with three adult male rumen fistulated sheep by incubating samples of wheat straw untreated (T1), treated with urea (T2), liquid ammonia (T3) and urine (T4) in the ventral sac of rumen in duplicate for 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hr, to determine effect of various treatments on degradation rate of wheat straw in the rumen. The treatment of wheat straw with various nitrogen sources increased the crude protein content from 3.31 per cent in T1 to 9.24, 8.75 and 10.20 per cent in T2, T3 and T4, respectively. A significant (P<0.01) improvement in dry matter, nitrogen and cellulose degradability was noticed due to effect of treatment in all the three (t2, t3 and t4) treatments. maximum average degradability was observed for dry matter in t3, nitrogen in t2 and cellulose in t4. the effective degradability of dry matter, nitrogen and cellulose was found to be maximum in t3, t4 and t2 groups, respectively at 12, 24 and 48 hrs of incubation. the rdn values of untreated and treated wheat straw were found to be 23.02, 52.91, 55.33 and 59.60 per cent for t1, t2, t3 and t4 treatments respectively. it was concluded that nutrients locked-up in wheat straw could be effectively used in ruminants by applying any of the aforesaid nitrogen sources.

Key words: Wheat straw, Degradability, Rumen, Sheep.

ABSTRACT

Twenty four weaner Avivastra (Russian Merino X Nali) male lambs were divided into two equal groups and fed concentrate mixtures containing groundnut meal (GN) or mustard meal (MM) to meet protein requirements. Ground cenchrus (Cenchrus ciliaris) was fed free choice to meet energy requirement. A digestibility trial of 7 days was conducted to assess mineral utilization. Animals were slaughtered after 90 days of experimental feeding to estimate mineral content of muscles. The content of Na was 1.25, 2.4 and 2.6; K 15.0, 19.9 and 2.6; Mg 3.4, 3.3 and 3.1 g/ kg DM, respectively, in mustard meal, groundnut meal and cenchrus hay. The absorption of K and Mg was higher in MM fed lambs while Na absorption was higher in GN fed lambs. The Cu content was similar in groundnut and mustard meal. The Zn content was higher (45.36 mg) in groundnut meal, however, Mn was higher (87.5 mg /kg DM) in mustard meal. The absorption of Cu was higher in GN fed lambs than MM fed lambs. The Zn absorption was higher in GN lambs, while Mn absorption was higher in MM lambs. Muscle contents (g/kg) of Na, K and Mg were 7.1, 5.6 and 1.1 in GN group and 4.8, 6.6 and 4.7 in MM group, respectively. The Cu, Zn and Mn contents (mg/kg) were 2.76, 229.95 and 2.89 mg in GN group and 0.44, 189.25 and 2.36 mg in MM groups, respectively. The Na, Cu and Zn contents were higher in muscle of GN compared to that of MM fed lambs. It is concluded that macro (sodium, potassium and magnesium) and micro (copper and manganese) minerals were adequate in diet except zinc which was higher. Copper absorption was negative and muscle copper content was lower in lambs fed mustard meal containing concentrate mixture, this needs further investigations. Other minerals studied in muscle were adequate for human consumption.

Key words: Mineral utilization, Muscle minerals, Lambs.

ABSTRACT

Black buck (Antilope cervicapra) and three species of deer, viz., swamp deer (Cervus d. duvauceli), hog deer (Axis porcinus) and spotted deer (Axis) raised under semicaptive environment were compared for their nutritional efficacy on cereal green fodder feeding. These wild animals were fed ad libitum green fodder, viz. jowar (Sorghum vulgare) and maize (Zea mays) in subsequent periods as sole feed. Digestibility of different nutrients, viz. DM, OM, CP, EE, ADF, NDF, hemicellulose, total carbohydrate and gross energy (GE) were determined using indicator technique. The digestibility of almost all the nutrients was highest in the spotted dear followed by black buck and hog deer and lowest in swamp deer. The digestibility of most of the nutrients was similar in black buck and hog deer except for CP which was higher in hog deer as compared to black buck. Between male and female black bucks, the utilisation of nutrients was better in the females. The digestibility values are close to that of practical feeding trial values. The cereal green fodder with about 70 per cent TDN and 8 per cent DCP is expected to meet the protein and energy need of animal for moderate production.

Key words: Cereal fodder, Digestibility, Utilization, Deer, Captivity.

ABSTRACT

Six lactating crossbred (Jersey x Tharparkar) cows (average BW 319±20 kg) in their late lactation were either fed on an experimental concentrate mixture made of local feeds or a commercial concentrate mixture (control) for 24 days. The respective concentrate mixtures along with green hybrid napier (10 kg/day) and ad libitum paddy straw were fed to each cow in both the groups to meet nutrients requirements. Average DMI (% BW) was 3.40±0.24 and 3.26±0.18 kg in the experimental and control groups, respectively and the difference was not significant (P>0.05). Average DMI/kg milk production was 2.15±0.15 and 1.94±0.14 kg in the respective groups which differed significantly (P<0.05). average daily milk production of the cows was 5.07±0.43 and 5.37±0.40 kg in the respective groups which varied significantly (p>0.05). Average daily feed cost was Rs. 27.14±1.24 and 32.41±1.17 and feed cost per kg milk production was Rs. 5.45±0.23 and 6.11±0.23 in the experimental and control groups, respectively showing significant (P<0.01) difference in the economics of milk production. the study implied that feeding of the experiment concentrate mixture made out of locally available feed ingredient is more economical.

Key words: Concentrate mixture, Local feeds, Milk production, Cost of feeding.